فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی سیاستگذاری عمومی
پیاپی 14 (بهار 1393)

This article studies the impact of globalization، as the independent variable، on the international system، as the dependent variable. The author believes that globalization، due to its rapid development and transformational processes، has caused the international system to remain in a transitional state، especially after disintegration of the bipolar system. This is firstly due to the change in the nature of power، although there is still fluctuation between the fourth face of power i. e. power of dialog or soft power، on one hand، and the intelligent power on the other. Secondly، types and numbers of players have changed in a way that in addition to big international powers، regional powers are playing their roles and also alongside governments، international civil institutions، international NGO’s، international intergovernmental organizations، informal multilateral institutions، political parties، media، ethnic groups، syndicates، multinational companies، international public figures and public opinion have come to stage and this has made the international system as multidimensional. So، considering the attrition in the sovereignty of states، along with the fading of borders، we are witnessing a change in the form and function of governments in interacting and competing with transnational and subnational players. Thirdly، the nature of interaction among players has changed in a way that the dominating atmosphere is competition- cooperation (coopetition) among them within “moderate international system” and the increasing importance of virtual networks in “hyper transparency” atmosphere، has given priority to processes rather than structures. Furthermore، horizontal and “bottom-up” processes are influential in global decision makings. Therefore، given the transformational and process oriented nature of the international system and due to interconnection of role players and complexity of their relations in the asymmetric world of interdependence، there is no firmly fixed and established order. Due to the impacts of globalization، the international system is still in a transitional، transitive and fluid state.

Governments were the main international role players when there was a bipolar system in the world، but when the last phase of globalization began، new players in the international system emerged that revolutionized the decision making process in the international system and transferred the axis of power from governments to civil societies. In the past، only governments decided to have relations with other governments or investors، but nowadays multinational corporations decide where to invest and governments compete with each other to attract their investments. Also governments used to decide who and which organization to engage with in their intended activities. Nowadays، civil organizations supervise many of governments’ activities and with the use of modern media influence the public opinion when they see any deviations from the government. In the 20th century، negotiations between governments were either direct and bilateral between governments or multilateral among governments done at the U. N. But today in Davos، representatives of governments are only parts of the participants. Company directors، athletes، artists، university professors، and even military personnel sit together and freely express their opinions and make important decisions that do not necessarily include all governments’ consensus. Globalization process has changed the values، structure and mechanism dominating global decision making and decision makers. Governments are، of course، one of the effective players، but alongside them have emerged some people، institutions، and organizations which have influenced the international system and hence they can form the destiny of nations in accordance with their own mentalities and interests. The responsibility of governments is to adjust their relations with other global players in line with their national interests

Islam and Muslim Identities are constantly being defined and redefined، in order to provide an integrated self understanding in an increasingly complex world. These various definitions are the result of world views made up of or influenced by other concepts and identities whether religious or ideological. They are never generated on the basis of internal Islamic developments; they are rather the fruit of a binary self/other interdependent process that is best understood as existing somewhere between local and global، past and future. Neither modernity nor post modernity explain this human desire for a meaningful integrated self- understanding that is both rooted in the history and future of one’s primary community of identity and open to the integration of time and space. For this reason، glocalism is a concept that offers some utility in addressing complex، multicultural and multi-luci phenomena such as Muslim construction of religious others. Glocalism can be defined as a constant reflexive process by which a human being’s philosophy/ ideology/ belief/ perception and corresponding praxes understand and integrate reality. This comparative study is based on analytical and documental method to elevate from dichotomies like modernism and postmodernism to comprehensive concepts. As a result، this research suggests that Glocalism can solve the problems in the Muslim world which cannot be solved by modernism and postmodernism.

National interest is the most important criterion in all actions of any country. In this article، the correlation of national security and international trade was studied. Through identifying the most important responsibilities of governments against their own people in the field of economic security، the two general approaches of governments to trade i. e. protectionism and free trade were explained. Then، positive and negative effects of international trade on the national security of countries and also positive and negative effects of reservations in national security of countries on their foreign trade were studied. Since international trade and national security reservations can either strengthen or weaken each other، this article emphasizes the logical synthesis of free trade and protection policies in Iran، especially through convergence with international trade arrangements such as World Trade Organization to realize the most important goals of economic aspects of national security i. e. development، and economic welfare.

In international political equations، mass media are regarded as the most powerful and at the same time most economical means for achieving goals and spreading ideologies of those involved in the globalization project. In fact، world powers are trying to use the media power to change the globalization process in favor of their own interests. Influencing the political satisfaction levels of the people in different countries through highlighting the weak points or strong points of governments in the media and increasing expectations of the people has been one of their important plans. This research study aims at explaining the relationship between mass media and political-national satisfaction through investigating different theories in the fields of political satisfaction and mass media. The survey method utilizing questionnaire technique has been employed to collect data from the sample population of 400 participants. The results show that out of the four mass media، television، satellite، and newspaper have a meaningful relationship with political-national satisfaction، at the significance level of 99%، and amount of internet usage did not have any meaningful relationship with the dependent variable. Also، multiple regression coefficients show that television، satellite، and newspaper are respectively the best predictors of political-national satisfaction.

This research deals with the relationship between globalization of culture and rate of rethinking of sexual interactions among the youth. In recent decades، globalization has brought about deep changes in cultural elements، life styles، interactions، ideas، ideals، and thoughts of the people، which needs research and analysis. To this end، this study employed survey research method utilizing questionnaire instrument based on theories of Inglehart and Giddens and Berger. 384 Yazdi youth were selected via cluster sampling and formed the research sample of this study. The dependent variable of the research was rethinking of sexual interactions in traditional، friendly، free، and virtual sexual interactions and interaction changes، and the independent variable was globalization of culture in three dimensions of attitude towards globalization، tendency to modernization، and the modern cultural values. The results of the research reveal a direct and meaningful relationship between the two variables of globalization of culture and rethinking of sexual interactions which confirms the main hypothesis of the present study.

In the knowledge era، identifying critical factors for success (CFS) is one of the most important endeavors in the field of strategic management and future studies. Precise identification of the critical factors is the most important element in measuring success. Review of previous methods in measuring CFS was done through review of the articles written in the past ten years، and out of all methods، back casting reference model considering the cross impacts among factors was chosen as the best option. This framework not only identifies critical factors for success، but also considers their cross impacts and ranks them، and prepares the ground for possible future scenarios for the electronic government in Iran till 2025. This can be useful for determining the amount of investment on them. The first three steps of the above model which lead to identifying critical factors for success for the electronic government are presented for the first time in a case study employing back casting reference model.