فصلنامه مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان
سال ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 24، تابستان 1391)

Invitation to the inside and outside of Fatimid government propagated and distributed through extensive networks of adherents. The Fatimid wanted to be known as true and right Imams for all of the followers of Muslims and also to be able to expand their true and practical rules into all Islamic territories and outside of it. Before the advent of them, The Ismaili adherents had been prepared extensive propaganda for preparing the minds of peoples and communities for the appearance of the promised Imam. The term adherer is said for everyone who was volunteers for inviting to the Fatimid creed. It means the missionary who having undertaking the propagation to the religion of Ismaili through attraction of the new followers to the Ismailia Imam. The Ismaili adherents invited lots of peoples to this religion from among abundant groups and malcontent social class of communities. For this reason they put into operation from these regional complaints and discontentment. From the available documents and testimonies, the invitation to Ismaili religion started from Iraqi Carmathian leaders. Around the 260 hejira, the Ismaili invitation has begun in many central and northwestern of Iran and appeared in mountain ranges regions and then these adherents established the center of their activities in capital territory of Rey and almost after three decades around290 hejira, the invitation has been extended to Khorasan and Fara-rud. The great adherents were doing some activities in eastern regions of Iran especially in Khorasn and Fara-rud which their main aspects of their invitations from ethical and political point of view have worth for analysis and inspection. Amir Hussein Marvrudi, Abo-Belal, Ahmad Kiyal and Ahmad Nakhshabi were among these great adherents.

Birjand Imperial Bank was one of the Imperial Bank branches of Persia that was established as a result of the economic and strategic policies of Britain in1331 AH/ 1913 AC in Birjand. The organizational structure of Birjand Imperial Bank consisted of a chief manager and one or two staffs regarding its territory coverage. The management was held by Britons while Iranians were in position of deputies and translators. This bank was rapidly involved in business affairs and the transferring and transmission of money and the goods needed by merchants, governors and the residents on the basis of their orders. In addition, the English members of the bank maintained friendly relations with people and governors being invited by them to parties, hunting, and games. The residents, in some cases, used the bank influence also as a means by which to solve their own problems. The bank operation together with Britons’ presence exerted both positive and negative effects on Birjand. This bank created some social, cultural, commercial, political, and military changes. At one hand, a progress emerged in business and transactions and while on the other hand some Western customs and characteristics spread among the upper class of the society. Aside from this, because of the activity of bank some businessmen and craftsmen such as money exchange dealers faced stagnations. Meanwhile, the effects of Britain’s political interference in the forms of banking activities should not be neglected.

Rural songs or local couplets are among the vulgar literary or common culture which transmitted orally between generations in different places of each country. One of these regions in Iran with high richness in couplets is khorasan territory which is enormous in rural songs with original and cultural identity. This song includes different features of methodology. One of these features is the presence of simple and naive satire which its origin is cultural discourse of the village and villagers and this same feature could be able to provide the social and cultural identity of each village beside the other features. On this base, the writer of this article has tried to find the satirized factors and divide them through inspecting of the local couplets of khorasan with regarding the cultural and literary texture of these couplets. The result of this study is to discover the different kinds of satirized methods which the villager's cumulative unconscious mind made and polished them during long and past years such as; situational satire, exaggeration, lack of rational relations of verses, out of mind similes and so on.

Spatial distribution system of population and human settlements is a result of the performance of different environmental factors. The purpose of this paper is to assess the effects of immigration on population distribution pattern of rural settlements by entropy model and predict the trends of the Year2025. Research method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and from main object regarded as an applied research. For implementation of the research, firstly the database of rural settlement population was created in the period (1956-2005) and with statistical application software (EXEL&SPSS) classification and rate of population growth was provided and then the entropy model is used to assess the trend of balance / imbalance in the spatial distribution of the population in rural settlements. The results of the analysis on the base of entropy models showed an imbalance in the population of rural agglomerations in the rural districts of Birjand county and relative trend toward imbalances continues in the year 2025.

Historical events are a great collection of life styles of people in different places through history. All nations try to keep their historical knowledge and transfer it to next generations. The unethical identity of history and the gap between the past and present make the events non empirical for the young generations which makes it difficult to keep the historical events and convey it to young people. The use of films and moving pictures in general is a way to help the transfer of information to people and to depict the past events in their minds. Among different genres the documentary style for its reliance on realities and authentic sources is of great importance for restoration and understanding of historical and past events. In investigating the Honar Haftom (Cinema) and the Razavi culture, one of the researches in this field, making documentaries seems to be a linkage between the two issues. One of the preliminary steps in making these kinds of films is the selection of the ideas and styles of the films and accordingly, there is a need to search for suitable historical ideas for changing into films, and in this regard the biography of Astan e Qods Trustees seems appropriate. In the present study with the emphasis in historical methodology, the selected life of Trustees of Astan -e-Qods put into investigation in order to make them ready for scenarios. The hypothesis of this paper is placed in capability of turning the biography of Astan-e-Qods Trustees into the production of historical and religious documentary films.

Maulana Mohammad Wali Dashtbayazi is one of the famous poets of tenth century from Khorasan (southern Khorasan) who was called by biographers as a sweet spoken man and master of chant lyrics. Wail's Divan published twice by two different editors in the years of 2011 and 2012: First one by Dr. Morteza Charmagi Omrani which published in 2011 has much superiority than the second one which published in 2012. Some of them are; having much more manuscripts copies, the Based prestigious and valuable manuscript of the contemporary poet, inclusion of lots of poems, very careful choosing and collecting of the correct form of words and exact reciting of vague vocabularies. But in contrast the Mohammadi's adjustment has been devoid of these characteristics. In this article we try with contrastive study of this two published version and different reciting of these authors to clarify the nuance points of the preferred edit in order to create to the researchers the intentional methods of choosing the true version of published edit. Author in this comparative article follows the critical method and only content oneself with available copies of the manuscript files and firstly compared together the numbers of poems, properties and formal apparent forms of them with expositing the two edited texts and then with juxtaposition of this common and jointly edited poems the schematic faults and incorrect records has been presented.

Ventilations as one the important elements in the architecture of historical buildings of desert regions are among the masterpiece of the classic architecture of Iran which are as a natural and static cooling system that provides air conditioning with energy restoration of wind. The classic architecture of Iran with the knowledge of the fundamental principles like Thermodynamic (warms force), Aerodynamic (moving and transferring of air), transmission of the air, resistance of the construction materials and temperature welfare of individuals in structuring and designing of ventilation developed a construction that without any doubt counted as one of the masterpiece of the classic architecture engineering. This important and efficient construction during the centuries in salt deserts regions of Iran without using the electric energy, provided natural and cool air conditioning for residential and vesicles. With respect to the importance of ventilation constriction in classic architecture of desert regions specifically in the counties of southern khorasan which unfortunately less classic architectural studies and researches have been implemented, the authors of this paper in addition of representing the characteristics of the ventilations of historical textures of some regions like Birjand, Khusf and Khur with field based researches attempt to engage themselves with inspecting and recognition of the physical body of these ventilations from architectural studies and physical anatomy recognition of them and the effects of their constructions in their performance. The result of this study indicates that the ventilations of this desert districts of Iran in spite of the common features with the other desert, hot and dry regions of Iran, contain the special formal features which the important ones of them are the on-way or four-way ventilations and the reason of choosing this kinds of ventilations in southern Kjorasan relates to the ecological conditions and the direction of the wind blowing.