فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال پنجم شماره 4 (زمستان 1392)

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between value dimension of relational marketing and loyalty to sporting brand in the players of national racquet teams from two behavioral and perceptional respects. The present study was considered as an applied study with respect to its aim and descriptivecorrelation study with respect to data collection. A questionnaire including 34close items was used to collect data. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha (α=92%). The statistical population of this study included all players of national team and super league (men and women) in racquet fields including badminton, ping pong, tennis, and squash. In this study, simple randomsampling method was used. The dependent variable in the perceptional model of the study was behavioral and perceptional loyalty, and the variables of symbolic value, operating value, experimental value and the realized price were initially assessed as independent variables. In this regard, to assess the effect of variables, regression was used. Next step was to investigate the relationship of the variables of gender, age, income, commitment to brand and diversity withvalue dimensions of relational marketing and loyalty. To assess the relationship of variables, Spearman correlation coefficient was used. According to the results of the study, the variables of operating, symbolic and experimental values and the realized price influenced behavioral and perceptional loyalty. But only the variables of age and diversity did not have any significant relationship with value dimensions of relational marketing and loyalty.

This study was designed to evaluate health-related physical fitness of male students aged between 7 and 17 from Qazvin province. 384 students in Qazvin province were selected by stratified random sampling method and their variables of height, weight, BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, c index, flexibility, muscular strength and endurance and cardiorespiratory endurance were evaluated. In order to analyze the data, oneway ANOVA and Tukey tests were used. Results showed a significant difference in the mean Vo2max, BMI, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, c index, flexibility, muscular strength and endurance (P≤0.05) while there was no significant difference in the mean body fat percentage (P≥0.066) among thethree groups. All variables followed the general pattern of age and growth increase. This study suggested that Vo2max, body fat percentage, BMI, flexibility and muscular endurance of students in Qazvin province were desirable compared to the Cooper Institute norms while their muscular strength was not satisfactory. Waist circumference and waist to hip ratio were acceptable compared to other countries.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between coaches’ behavior and team dynamics and perceived success of collegiate basketball teams. The population of this study consisted of all players of 28 basketball teams (boys and girls) (N=336) that participated in the 11th Sport Olympiad. 208 athletes completed and returned the questionnaires. These questionnaireswere analyzed as the study sample. To collect data, the multifactor leadership, group environment, team efficacy and perceived team success (PTS) standard questionnaires were used. Findings indicated that transformational leadership had a positive and significant effect on team efficacy and cohesion while transactional leadership had just a positive and significant effect on team cohesion. Laissez-fair leadership had a significant effect on all three endogenous factors (team efficacy, team cohesion and PTS). Also, the section of total effect indicated that the highest effect on perceived success was related to transformational, laissez-fair and transactional styles respectively. R-square of endogenous variables indicated that 40% of PTS variance was explained by laissez-fair leadership style, 37% of cohesion variance by the three leadership styles and 32% of team efficacy variance by laissez-fair and transformational leadership styles in the athletes. Also, all the indexes of fit showed a good fit for the model.

This study aimed at examining the individual and concomitant effect of creatine (Cr) monohydrate supplement and in-water or out-of-water active recovery on markers related to metabolic fatigue after interval bouts of maximal swimming in men. 16 young male swimmers (19±4 years old, 75±12 kg) volunteered to participate in this study and performed two protocols of IN or OUT recovery. The subjects performed six bouts of 50-m maximal swimming with a 120-second interval between each two bouts with either IN or OUT recoveries and also with or without Cr supplement. Blood samples were gathered from antecubital vein at rest and after the third and sixth bout of maximal swimming. Levels of ATP, PCr, ammonia and urea were measured following both in-water and out-of-water active recoveries and with or without of Cr supplement. ANOVA with repeated measures showed that ATP and PCr concentration drastically decreased gradually after the third and sixth bout of sprint swimming in both in-water and out-of-water recoveries. Also, the ATP and PCr levels were higher after Cr supplement after both in-water and out-of-water recoveries thanbefore Cr supplement period. In contrast, ammonia and urea were less in the in-water recovery group than out-of-water recovery group. Furthermore, ammonia and urea levels increased with Cr supplement, irrespective of in-water or out-of-water recoveries. These results suggested that Cr supplement and active recovery, especially in-water recovery, may delay metabolic fatigue following the maximal interval swimming bouts.

This survey identified and prioritized the political - legal obstacles to club privatization in Iran football professional league in 1390-91. The statistical sample of this study included the directors of football clubs of premier league and first division, chiefs of different committees of Football Federation, officials of football boards of provinces, sport management and some political sciences, law and management professors who were familiar with the problems of football professional clubs, football journalists who were familiar with privatization issues and some football and privatization experts (census sampling method) (n=173). The data were collected by field method using a questionnaire. Its validity was confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was determined by Cronbach’s alpha (α=0.91). Friedman test was used to rank the obstacles. The results showed that the most important obstacle to club privation of Iran football professional league was lack of private TV channels to cover Iran professional football matches. All football fans paid so much attention to these important goals: increasing the effectiveness and efficiency, improving management, obtaining desirable results and increasing the budget of clubs while the political - legal obstacles to the club privatization prevented from reaching these goals. So, it is essential to eliminate the existing political – legal obstacles.

Due to the limited research on the effects of creatine monohydrate on exerciseinduced oxidative responses, the present study was conducted to identify the effect of creatine monohydrate supplementation on the response of some indexes of oxidative stress following one bout of downhill running in male mountaineers. 20 male elite mountaineers (age 24.5±1.8 years) received 300 mg/kg/day creatine monohydrate (n=10) or dextrose (n=10) for five consecutive days. Then, all subjects participated in the running protocol with 65% reserve heart rate and -15% incline for 30 minutes. Changes in serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures in four phases at α≤0.05. The results showed that the basal serum TAC significantly (P=0.004) increased following creatine supplementation (19.29%). The 24-hour increased response of serum MDA in creatine group (22.13%) was significantly (P<0.001) less than the placebo group (45.75%). The short-term creatine monohydrate supplementation may reduce the increased response of serum MDA in male mountaineers after downhill running through increasing basal serum TAC.

Today's global conditions and many problems in governmental structures and administrative principles of the countries, especially economic recession, necessitate economic reformations and entrustment of more executive affairs to people in the form of private sectors. During the last two decades, privatization mechanisms have been designed and employed as a solution to rationalizing the social structure of societies, reducing the expenses of systems loaded on governmental budget, equipping financial resources, increasing experts and attempting to create job opportunities. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting job creation rate of private sector in the sport industry. The research method was descriptive survey and the statistical population consisted of 1406 managers working in private gyms in Tehran in 1391. 256 managers were selected with cluster sampling method and Cochran formula as the sample. A researcher-made questionnaire was used in this study and its reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha (α=0.85). Spearman correlation test was used to test the hypotheses. The results showed a direct linear relationship between the initial investment and job creation, that is, for more job creation in sport industry,especially by the private sector, more investment should be absorbed. There was a direct relationship between net income of private sector from investment in sport and job creation and private sector with more income creates more job opportunities. Also, there was a reverse statistical relation between financial limitations and job creation, that is, increasing financial limitations of private sector decreased job creation. There was a weak linear relationship between using banking facilities in sport and job creation. In other words, increasing or reducing the use of banking facilities in sport was associated with increasing or decreasing the rate of job creation.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two types of interval and continuous exercise on serum adiponectin levels and insulin resistance index in sedentary males. In this study, 20 sedentary men (mean age: 21+1.65 yrs; body mass index: 23.85+3.44 kg/m2) participated in this study and were randomly divided into interval and continuous groups. Exercise program involved 1600 meter running for continuous group and 8*200 meter running for interval group at 65% and 85% HR respectively. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after exercise inthe same condition to measure serum adiponectin and insulin. Data were analyzed with covariance at P≤0.05. The results of this study showed that interval and continuous exercise did not significantly change serum adiponectin levels in both groups. Insulin resistance index significantly changed only in interval group (P<0.05). The results showed that one session of interval and continuous exercise did not significantly increase serum adiponectin in sedentary men. Also, there was no significant difference in serum adiponectin between the two exercises.