فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال ششم شماره 1 (بهار 1393)

The results of many researches show that plasma myostatin negatively regulates muscle mass. Therefore، the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of aerobic، resistance and concurrent training programs on the plasma myostatin levels in overweight non-athletic men. In this semi-experimental research، 39 non-athletic students (range of age 18-27 years old and BMI between 25-30) voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly assigned to aerobic training (n=8)، resistance training (n=8)، concurrent training (n=12) and control group (n=11). Theexperimental groups performed their training protocol for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week while control group did not participate in any training program. The training protocol of the resistance group consisted of 5 resistance exercises with weights at 50- 80% of 1RM، for aerobic group consisted of aerobic running with 65-85% HRmax for 25-40 min. and for concurrent group consisted of both resistance and aerobic training protocols. 5 mm blood was collected from antecubital vein of the subjects (in fasting state) before and 48 h after the last session of the protocol. The results of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant change in myostatin between concurrent and resistance (p=0. 029)، control (p=0. 000) and aerobic groups (p=0. 000) and also between resistance and control groups (p=0. 044) but there was not a significant difference between aerobic and control groups (p=0. 919). Therefore، it can be concluded that resistance and concurrent training can be an effective way of preventing muscle atrophy and sarcopenia while muscle sarcopenia is more likely in aerobic training.

The aim of this research was to assess the relationship between learning organization and effectiveness in physical education offices in state universities of Tehran (non-medical). For this purpose, as the statistical population equaled the sample, 80 physical education experts of physical education offices in state universities of Tehran (non-medical) were selected as the sample. To collect date, HAMIDI effectiveness questionnaire and Watkins and Maritz's the Dimensions of Learning Organization Questionnaire (DLOQ) were used. To assess data, Kolmogorov Smirnov (K-S) test was used to determine the normalization of data distribution and the Pearson coefficient of correlation was used to determine a significant relationship between dependent and independent variables. The results of the research showed a significant relationship between dependent and independent variables at sig=0.000) and error range (α=0.01). There was a significant and positive relationship between learning organization and all its dimensions (continuous learning, research and inquiry and dialogue learning, team learning, embedded system learning, empowerment learning, connection with system learning, strategic leadership learning) and effectiveness. According to the results of this study, it is suggested that managers and experts of physical education offices in universities increase their knowledge and information from personal, team and organizational point of view based on the needs of organization to compete in this changeable world and to achieve a high effectiveness.

Weakness in immune system in patients with breast cancer increases the growth of cancer cells and the risk of cancer recurrence and incidence of secondary cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of water-based aerobic exercise along with oral ginger supplementation on the immunological markers in obese women with breast cancer. In a semi-experimental study, 40 obese women with breast cancer (weight 76±9 kg and fat mass 41.8±4%) participated in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to four groups: placebo (control), water-based exercise, ginger supplement and water-based exercise + ginger supplement.Subjects in the ginger group and the water-based exercise + ginger group received 4 capsules daily containing 750 mg ginger powder each capsule for 6 weeks. The water-based exercise was performed at a progressive intensity and time ranging from 50-75% of heart rate reserve for 6 weeks. The fasting blood samples were collected before and after 6 weeks of treatment interventions to assess immunological markers. One-way ANOVA showed that water-based exercise along with ginger supplementation decreased white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils after 6 weeks of treatment intervention. However, only monocytes significantly decreased in the exercise group. Non-drug methods improve immune system in women with breast cancer and can play an important role in improving quality of life in those with breast cancer.

Today, most organizations have understood that they should desirably promote quality to survive in the global arena. Therefore, at the moment, total quality management, as a strategy, has received a dramatic place and acceptance. This type of management requires motivation and innovation in employees and an increase in service quality and customer satisfaction. The aim of this study was to investigate of Total Quality Management (TQM) situation in Youth and Sport offices of KhorasanRazavi cities. The statistical population of the study consisted of all employees at sport and youth offices of Khorasan Razavi cities (340 subjects). 180 employees were selected randomly as the sample by Morgan table. Then, 8-element TQM questionnaire was distributed among them. Data of the employees of sport and youth offices were collected and the findings were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by sport management experts while the reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha test as 0.93.Results showed a significant difference among sport and youth offices of Khorasan Razavi cities in TQM application (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant difference among these offices in meeting the eight elements of TQM (support and leadership of organization high-ranking management, management process, data analysis, customer service, relationship with service providers, improvement of quality system, kaizen and employee's participation) (P˂0.05).

Nowadays, osteoporosis is one of the risk factors for public health. Studies conducted on the role of physical activities in bone density have revealed that physical activities have important effects on the development and maintenance of bone mass. But there is doubt about the type and intensity of exercise which induces maximum anabolic effect on bone. This study aimed to study the effect of six weeks of aerobic training on bone growth markers (serum levels of alkaline phosphate, calcium and phosphorus) in 11-12-year-old girls. In this study, 20 girls (11-12 years old) were randomly assigned two groups: experimental (n=10, mean age 11.3±0.48 years, weight 41.80±7 kg, height 144±0.06 cm) and control (n=10, mean age 11.4±0.51 years, weight 43.70±4.7 kg, height 147±0.05 cm). The experimental group participated in an aerobic training program for six weeks (three sessions per week, each session 45-60 min. with 70-75% HRR) while the control group had no training. Before and after the training protocol (after 12 hours of fasting), 5cc blood was takenfrom subject's antecubital vein in order to estimate bone markers. Findings were investigated using descriptive and inferential statistics (dependent t test to compare pretest and posttest in each group and independent t test to study the differences between the two groups at p<0.05 using spss software version 19). The results indicated that six weeks of aerobic training significantly increased the serum concentration of alkaline phosphate (P=0.00) in the experimental group. But the serum levels of calcium and phosphorus did not significantly change in this group. In the control group, serum level of alkaline phosphate increased, but this increase was not significant. As a result, it can be said that aerobic activities at growth age may be effective factors to increase bone density in adolescents.

This study aimed at explaining the relationship between career aspirations and work conscientiousness in the employees of Sport and Youth general offices in northwest of Iran. The present study was descriptive and correlation conducted as a field study. The population consisted of all male and female employees of Sport and Youth general offices in northwest of Iran. 263 subjects were selected as the sample using non-random purposive sampling method. In order to collect data, two standard questionnaires of career aspirations based on Schein model (1990) with 25 items and work conscientiousness according to Barrick and Mount model (1991) with 16 itemswere used. In order to estimate the reliability of the questionnaires, Chronbach alpha was used in a pilot study on 40 subjects: career aspirations questionnaire was α=0.89 and work conscientiousness was α=0.82. After the data had been collected, they were analyzed according to the study hypotheses using MANOVA as well as multiple regression analysis. The results indicated a significant and positive relationship between career aspirations and work conscientiousness. Technical-functional competence, general managerial competence, organizational stability and purechallenge could predict work conscientiousness dimensions (success-orientation and reliability) positively and significantly. So it can be concluded that attention to employee's career aspirations can play an effective role in increasing their work conscientiousness.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic exercise on BMD in waist, wrist and femur and bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in sedentary middle-aged women. In this semi-experimental study, 16 sedentary middle-aged women (39±4 years old) who had no regular physical activity were randomly divided into experimental (n=9) and control (n=7) groups. Fasting blood samples were taken before and after 16 weeks of aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise was performed at an intensity of 65-70% of target heart rate 3 sessions per week for 16 weeks. Pairedsample t test was used to determine the differences before and after 16 weeks of exercise in each group and independent sample t test was used to compare changes between the groups at α≤0.05. Lumbar spine BMD, wrist BMD and bone gammacarboxyglutamic acid increased significantly in the experimental group after 16 weeks of aerobic exercise compared to the control group (respectively p=0.005, p=0.026, p=0.035) while femur BMD showed no significant increase (p=0.059). In thecomparisons within groups, the exercise group showed a significant increase from pretest to posttest in all measured variables (p<0.05). However, the control group showed no significant changes. According to the findings of the present study, it seems that 16 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise enhanced proteins that influenced BMD by lifestyle changes in middle-aged women and can prevent osteoporosis in subsequent decades of life.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and mental health of Iranian futsal referees. This study was descriptivecorrelational conducted as field. The statistical population consisted of all referees of Iran futsal premier league and first division and the sample was equal to the population (N=75, n= 70). Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and Bradbery and Graves’s emotional intelligence questionnaire were used to collect data. Face and content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by physical education professors and reliability of questionnaires was determined as 0.87 and 0.95 using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. To analyze the data, correlation test and multiple regression analysis were used. The results showed a significant positive relationship between emotional intelligence and mental health. Also, regressionanalysis showed that except for "consciousness", "self-management", "social consciousness" and "relationship management" indexes of emotional intelligence were significant predictors for mental health.

The results of researches on elite and Olympic athletes showed that achieving and maintaining peak performance during training sessions and competitions needs high levels of physical and mental fitness. So, this study investigated the effect of mental skills on the performance and success of those athletes who participated in the sixth Asian shooting championships. 300 athletes (mean age 26 (SD 2.11) and experience 8 years (SD=3.27) participated in this study. Thomas strategic function questionnaire (TOPS) was used to evaluate subject's mental skills. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), ANOVA, t test and Pearson correlationcoefficient were used at P≤0.05. The results showed a significant difference between successful, unsuccessful and less successful teams in the subscales of self-talk (P≤0.05 and F=2.69), sports imagery (P≤0.05 and F=3.59) and relaxation (P≤0.05 and F=3.66) that showed a significant effects of three factors of positive self-talk, sport imagery and relaxation on shooter's success. The t test results showed a significant difference in the subscales of self-talk (sig=0.002 and t=2.68), sports imagery (sig=0.000 and t=3.53) and negative thoughts (sig=0.002 and t=2.81) between medalist and other shooters in training sessions.