فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال ششم شماره 2 (تابستان 1393)

This study aimed at identifying and prioritizing moral standards in Iran professional sport. The aim of this study was of application nature، data collection used a descriptive method and the study was carried out as a field research. Statistical population included professors of sports management (N=38)، professors of sports ethics (N=12)، coaches، directors، and moral champions as experts (N=25) (total sum=75). The number of statistical sample equaled the statistical population. A researcher-made questionnaire with 56 criteria in 5 basic components of educational، psychological، legal، economic and cultural-societal criteria was used to collect data. 12 professors of sports management examined and confirmed the content validity of the questionnaire. The reliability was calculated through Cronbach alpha coefficient as 0. 91. In inferential statistics، to prioritize the components، the Friedman non-parametric test was used. The findings showed that among the identified ethical standards of the Iranian professional sports، educational criterion occupied the firstplace، legal criterion the second place، cultural-societal criterion the third place، and economic and psychological criteria had the fourth and fifth places.

The aim of this study was to compare the response of high sensitivity reactive protein (hs- CRP) and fibrinogen to a concurrent endurance-strength exercise in the morning and afternoon. Participants were 10 active male university students (age 25.1±1.287 yr, weight 72.1±6.540 kg, and height 177.2±7.757 cm) who completed 2 experimental phases during 5 days. The first phase was performing concurrent endurance (running on treadmill for 35 minutes at 85% of maximum heart rate) and resistance (5 weight exercise with 80% 1RM) exercise in the morning. In the second phase, subjects performed the same protocol in the afternoon. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after and 3 hours after the exercise protocol and were used to measure hs- CRP and fibrinogen response. The findings showed that the exercise protocol had no significant effect on the response of hs-CRP in different time intervals in the two phases (P=0.331). On the other hand, the findings showed a significant difference in fibrinogen response after the exercise protocol between the first and second phases (P˂0.05), that is, plasma fibrinogen level significantly increased following the performance of the exercise protocol in the morning (12%) (P=0.000), but in the afternoon showed a slight increase (2%) that was not significant. With regards to the results of this study, it is suggested that the performance of exercises is safer in the afternoon than the morning from the cardiovascular health aspect and observing the time of exercise,physicians and coaches can prescribe these kinds of exercise for patients and athletes.

The aim of this study was to identify the current status and to determine the strategic position of the National University Sport Federation. The method was descriptive based on the process of strategic studies. The statistical population consisted of managers and members of the board of directors in the federation and the directors of the provincial sports boards of the federation (N=46). Due to the limitation on the statistical population, the sample equaled the population. Data collection was conducted by field method with quantitative and qualitative mixing. Data were collected by two open and closed questionnaires as well as interviews with the subjects until the theoretical saturation in order to achieve mission statement, vision, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for the federation. The validity of the closed questionnaire was confirmed by sports management professors who were familiar with the federation. The reliability was calculated with Cronbach alpha as 0.86. Out of 46 strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the federation, the strategic council confirmed total 9 strengths, 10 weaknesses, 8 opportunitiesand 6 threats (total 33) based on the obtained data and detailed understanding of the federation. For data analysis, IF Matrix and EF Matrix was used. The IF Matrix score was determined as 2.40 and the EF Matrix was determined as 2.68. The strategic position of the federation was in the conservative region (WO).

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading reasons of mortality and morbidity in the world. Although the positive effects of cardiac rehabilitation in low risk cardiac patients have been proved, there is a lack of scientific evidence regarding the benefits of this program in high risk cardiac patients especially in Iran. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the physiological and mental effects of CR program on high risk cardiac patients for the first time in Iran. In this study, 20 high risk cardiac patients (mean age 63.10±4.77 yr) who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) 6-8 weeks ago and returned to perform phase 3 rehabilitation programs participated in 8 weeks of CR program. In addition to the exercise test, patients filled out the Quality of Life (QoL) questionnaire and Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HADs). Findings indicated that exercise capacity (P<0.001) drastically improved after CR program while patient's body mass index decreased at the end of the program (P˂0.006). The frequency percentage of anxiety and depression was 100% and 95% respectively before the CR program which drastically decreased to 75% and 55% at (P<0.001) and (P<0.001) respectively. The findings of this study showed the positive effects of CR program on quality of life, anxiety, depression and exercise capacity in high risk cardiac patients after CABG during 8 weeks. It is recommended that high risk cardiac patients use CR program in order to benefit its positive effects.

The aim of this study was to investigate the job characteristics of physical education instructors based on JCM model and also the attitudes of physical education instructors towards five job internal characteristics and their relationships with Growth Need Strength (GNS) and job satisfaction. All physical education instructors in Golestan province (N=457), except for those who were employed between 2010 and 2011 participated in this study as the sample, but only 430 subjects (94.1%) filled out the questionnaires of the attitudes towards the job, growth need strength (GNS) and job satisfaction. Validities of these questionnaires were verified by 15 physical education professors, and their reliabilities were assessed by Cronbach’s alpha as r=0.88 for job attitude questionnaire, r=0.88 for growth need strength questionnaire and r=0.82 for job satisfaction questionnaire. The results showed that physical education instructors prioritized the five characteristics of job feedback, task identity, skill variety, task significance and autonomy respectively in their jobs (P≤0.05). These characteristics were above the average level. Although there was no significant relationship between these characteristics and job growth needs and job satisfaction, there was a significant positive relationship between these five characteristics and subject's potential motivational competence (R=0.68 to R=0.33). Moreover, the results of regression test showed that job feedback was the best predictor of job satisfaction (R2=0.18) while task significance had a significant negative effect on job satisfaction. It should be mentioned thatthese relationships were balanced up to 0.08 of variance by job growth needs (P≤0.01). Also, although task significance had a negative effect on job satisfaction, it had a significant positive effect on growth needs. Therefore, job internal characteristics can influence the motivation and growth needs of instructors and their satisfaction may depend on not only the important psychological conditions in JCM model but also job external aspects.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a period of resistance training and glutamine supplementation on some immunological and functional factors in bodybuilders. For this purpose, 30 healthy male athletes with at least 2 years of bodybuilding record were selected and randomly divided into glutamine-resistance training group (GR, n=10), resistance training group (R, n=10) and control group (C, n=10) by double blind method. Blood samples (after 10 hours of fasting) were collected before and after 8 weeks and strength, agility, speed and power factors were measured. Data were analyzed using dependent sample t test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicated that in the GR group, neutrophils (NE), lymphocyte (LY), monocyte (MO), upper and lower limb strength and weight significantly increased after 8 weeks and in the R group, a significant difference was observed in the upper and lower limb strength and weight between pretest and posttest (P<0.05). A significant difference was observed in immunological factors of NE and LY between GR groups and other groups, also in upper and lower limb strength between GRand C groups and between R and C groups (P<0.05). It can be concluded that although glutamine supplementation can have no more functional benefits for strength athletes, particularly bodybuilders, it can be used to reinforce some immune system components.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of perceived organizational support on organizational commitment and job performance in the staff of Sport and Youth head offices of western provinces of Iran. The statistical population included all staff of Sport and Youth head offices of western provinces of Iran (N=203). Based on the Morgan sample size table, 130 subjects were selected as the statistical sample. 34 subjects in Kermanshah physical education head offices, 38 in Hamedan, 29 in Kordestan and 29 in Ilam were selected using stratified sampling method. To collect data, a personal profile questionnaire as well as three standard questionnaires including perceived organizational support questionnaire of Eisenberger et al. (1986), Allen and Mayer's organizational commitment questionnaire (1990) and Motowidlo and Van Scotter's job performance self-assessment questionnaire (1994) were used. The validities of these questionnaires were estimated in several national and international studies. In a pilot study on 30 subjects of Sport and Youth head office of Kermanshah, reliabilities (Cronbach's alpha coefficient) of perceived organizational support, organizational commitment and job performance questionnaires were 0.84, 0.83 and 0.88 respectively. To describe the data, descriptive statistics were used and for inferential analysis of the data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation coefficient and structural modelsin SPSS and PLS software were used at P≤0.05. Results showed a positive significant relationship between perceived organizational support and organizational commitment (r=0.71, P≤0.01) and job performance (r=0.87, P≤0.01). Also, there was a positive significant relationship between organizational commitment and job performance (r=0.67, P≤0.01). Moreover, results showed that perceived organizational support has a significant effect on organizational commitment (r=0.778) and job performance (r=0.857); however, organizational commitment had no significant effect on job performance. Finally, with regard to the importance of organizational commitment and job performance, it is recommended that managers and supervisors of sport organizations should support their staffs so that they have committed staff with higher job performance.

Inflammation has been proposed as one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Many researchers have reported a positive relationship between inflammation and blood lipids. This study was designed to investigate the effect of different modes (continuous and intermittent) of training on systemic inflammation and blood lipids. 56 menopausal obese wistar14848 rats (weight 325±4.93 g, age 21 months, at least three months after their menopause) were randomly divided into the control, continuous or intermittent training groups. The training program was carried out five days a week for 6 and/or 12 weeks. Blood samples were gathered in three phases of baseline, after 6 weeks and after 12 weeks. Results showed that C-reactive protein (CRP) insignificantly reduced in both training groups after 6 weeks, but its reduction was significant after 12 weeks in both groups. Although a significant decrease was detected in training groups after 6 and 12 weeks, there was no significant difference between continuous and intermittent traininggroups after 6 and 12 weeks compared with the control group. Decrease in low density lipoprotein and increase in high density lipoprotein following continuous and intermittent training represents an important intervention in CRP reduction, and therefore, it can be concluded that both types of training lower inflammation and have anti-inflammatory and cardio-protective effects on the heart.