نشریه رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 15 (بهار 1393)

The purpose of this study was the investigated the effect of sensory systems interference in dual task condition on blind and sighted persons balance. Total24، (12 blind &12sighted) subjects participate in this study. Per subject performed balance task blocks with and without performing a cognitive auditory-memory attention demanding task (3 blocks in single condition & 3 blocks in dual condition). In addition in per block one of sensory systems was manipulation (without interference، vestibular interference and proprioception interference). Therefor per subjects performed 6balance blocks. This study finding show that the ability to control static balance was inferior in blind than sighted persons. There was no significant difference between single and dual task in blind persons (p›0. 05). but this difference was significant in sighted persons and performance in single task was better than dual task (p≤0. 05). Difference between sensory conditions in two groups was significant (p≤0. 05)، but vestibular interference did not influence sighted balance، at least main difference between two groups was in vestibular interference condition and in this condition sighted persons was better than blind persons. furthermore finding confirm that balance mechanism between blind and sighted persons is different.

This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of 12-week Pilates training on depression، and some motor functions associated with falling in the elderly. A quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design was conducted on 30 elderly women aged 62-80 who were visited ٍElderly Rehabilitation Center of Shahrekord in 2011. They were randomly assigned into two groups of control and experimental. To assess their depression، Geriatric Depression Scale was given to participants and to evaluate their balance and speed of walking، functional reach، timed up and go، and 10- Meter Walk tests were conducted. Then، the experimental group participated in the Pilates training for 12 weeks. The data were analyzed by Covariance. The findings of this study showed that Pilates training lead to a 19. 801 percent decrease of depression rate in the experimental group. In addition، a decrease was observed in the time for timed up and go test (7. 263%) and 10 meter walk test (normal speed of walking (9. 218%) and highest speed of walking (9. 055%)) as a result of Pilates training. Furthermore، an improvement was observed in static (16. 703%) and dynamic (7. 263%) balance. No significant difference was observed in the pretest and posttest scores of the control group. The results of the study showed that Pilates training is efficient in decreasing depression level and improving balance and speed of walking which are the main reasons of falling of the elderly.

Poor attention، hyperactivity and impulsivity are the core problems of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The aim of this study was to investigate effectiveness of Motor tasks on visual and auditory attention of children with ADHD. In this study 20 male students aged 9-11 years، were selected randomly by teacher form of Child Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4) from Karaj’s primary schools. Participants were assigned to 2 groups (experimental and control group). Motor group (n=10) received motor practices for 10 sessions، 60 minutes per session. The control group didn’t receive any intervention. Before and after training all participants were assessed with continuous performance test (CPT). Paired sample t test and independent t test were used to analyze the data. Results showed significant improvement in visual and auditory attention performance in experimental group (P<0. 05); so attention performance of children with ADHD will improve with motor practices.

The aim of this thesis is to study the effect of computer games and local games on the coordination of eye-hand in children aged 7-10. Therefore in this article is 60of the students primary schools in Bardaskan city that were selected randomly in 1388-1389. After answering the personal informational questions، participants divided into three groups of 20 people، two experimental groups and one control group. To evaluate primary harmony of eye-hand، the Marian Frastig pre-test was performed for all of them. The experimental group played elected games for 6 weeks، three sessions a week and for 45 minutes. A selected experimental group was playing the computer game and other experimental groups was playing local games. At the end of practice sessions، post-test was performed. These results show that computer games on harmony of eye-hand for children has a significant effect، and playing local games on harmony of eye-hand for children has not a significant effect، and there is significant difference between the harmony of eye-hand in research groups (computer games، local games، control). So in despite of some comments that computer games has bad effects on children، the correct use of that، has positive effects on the growth improvement of children.

The physical experiences in different environments have different effects on individual’s spatial awareness. The aim of this study is examine perception of athletes and non-athletes in different environment. this was a Causal-Comparative study، the statistical population included all athletes and non-athletes were Bukan، through homogeneous random sampling 20 athletes and 20 non-athletes were selected. For measurement of distance perception was used straight blindwalking test، and the percentage error was used as indicators of distance perception. ANOVA test was used for comparison of averages. The findings showed that there was a significant difference (P ≤0. 01) for distance perception error between athlete and non-athletes. This study showed that athletes are better than non-athletes in distance perception، which based on result we can use motor experience in different environments for improvement spatial awareness performance.

The position of controlling of hands as well as mental imagery that are two crucial factors in performance and learning motor skills in the brain hemispheres is different. So that the position of controlling the left hand and mental imagery are in the right hemisphere، and the location of controlling the right hand is located in the left hemisphere. Therefore the aim of this study was to compare the effects of mental imagery along with physical exercise on the performance and learning of free throw shooting in the two groups with preferred left and right hand. The Method of study was a semi-experimental. For this purpose، 34 with the preferred right (17) and the preferred hand left (17) were selected who had achieved the highest score from the movement imagery questionnaire. Both groups practiced free throw shooting skills during the 3 weeks، each week 5 sessions and each session for 35 minutes. Data analysis was done by using with ANOVA test and t-test. The Results showed that both groups with preferred hand left and right had improved in the performance and learning free throws skill. But there was significant difference in preferred left hand group in performance the free throw shooting skill. This hypothesis has been raised that left handed people، have a more developed right hemisphere and these people have one advantage of a nerve - anatomic in performing tasks such as visual - motor and visual – space tasks. Also، the left handed people are able to make a deep connection between the two hemispheres. In other hands، Left-handed people have high motor and space intelligence so that they can observe pictures better and create them efficiently.

Depth Perception (DP) plays an important role in many of the motor skills such as badminton and hitting that deal to estimation and moving objects. Furthermore، a variety of different colors according to the features of the human visual system، create difference DP. Based on، the goal of present research was investigating the effect of ball’s color on female student''s DP in fatigue conditions. Population of present research consist of all girls of physical education college who select badminton unit in second semester in 89-90 (75 student) from whom 39 (Meanage=21) was participated voluntarily. First DP test was taken then divided into 3 homogenous groups selectively. All groups play badminton. After making sure of being tired or fatigue (by measuring heart beat and rate of acid lactic) their DP was measured and after this stage athletes were divided to one control group (with white ball) and two experimental group (with phosphoric and blue ball) and play badminton again. Finally، their DP was measured for third time after playing and reaching to fatigue. Repeated Measure ANOVA (RMA) and One-way ANOVA used for investigating and analysis of data، (P<0/05). Findings of present research showed that although there was no significant difference in error of DP between groups but phosphoric color makes significant reduction in errors of athletes’ DP. So، by knowing that fatigue limits DP، we suggest that coaches of badminton can use balls with warm color in final part of their class for reducing error in DP and appropriate performance of athletes.

The present study was designed to investigate the way in which the quality of sports career termination process is quantitatively related to athletic (subjective evaluation of athletic achievements، voluntariness and gradualness of sport-career termination، and pre-retirement planning for post-sport life) and non-athletic (educational status and age) factors. Participants were 53 former elite Iranian athletes (aged 23–52 years) who had been ended their sports career for atleast five years ago. These athletes were asked to describe their experiences and reactions to their athletic career termination by completing an adapted version of the Cecić Erpič’s et al. (2004) Sports Career Termination Questionnaire (SCTQ). The questionnaire findings revealed that the quality of sports career retirement was related to experienced difficulties at the occupational، psychosocial and psychological levels by the sportsmen. According to the results، the quality of the sports career termination process significantly correlated by the participants’ subjective evaluation of athletic achievements، the voluntariness of career ending، and educational status. Pre-retirement planning، a gradual sport-career termination and age were not significantly correlated to the quality of adaptation with athletic retirement. Our research findings generally indicated that the sports career termination is an important life event which could have a significant influence in an athlete’s life and that the quality of adaptation with athletic retirement is multifaceted and complex.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the lateral preference patterns of hand and eye، task and skill level on table tennis players’ performance. The population of this study was table tennis players of Tehran. 48 players between age ranges of 23. 85 ± 3. 08 were selected after determining the preferred hand and eye، and were put into 4 groups (ipsilateral expert، contralateral expert، ipsilateral novice، contralateral novice) randomly. The Annett Hand Preference Questionnaire (AHPQ) that had validity of 80 and reliability of 86 and “a hole in the card” method were administered to determine the preferred eye and hand of players. The result of mixed factor analysis of variance indicated that the interaction of lateral preference pattern and task was not significant on pattern and accuracy variables (p>0. 05). Also the results showed that the interaction of task and skill level was not significant on accuracy (p>0. 05) but it was significant on pattern (p≤0. 05). In addition the results showed that the interaction of task، lateral preference pattern and skill level was not significant on accuracy and pattern variables (p>0. 05). Considering the results of the present study، it seems that the pattern of lateral preference in performing two table tennis skills of backhand and forehand is not important. It can be said that this factor did not affect the examined levels of our study; however، lateral preference can be influential in the case of professional players. Further research and precise kinematic assessments can show meaningful effects of this pattern.

This study examined the relationship between emotional intelligence، body image and eating disorders among athletes with team and individual deals. The study population of all professional athletes، wrestling، karate، taekwondo، handball، Volleyball and basketball، which at least had the experience of participating in the provincial championships. Our sample includes 40 athletes، wrestling، taekwondo 24 athletes، 37 karate athletes، 26 athletes، handball، and volleyball athletes 48 And basketball players is 33. A total of 208 elite athletes (101 athletes and 107 individual athletes and teams)، respectively. Athletes Garner and Gafynkl three questionnaires eating disorders، body image questionnaires completed Shathe Mendelssohn and emotional intelligence questionnaires. The findings showed that there is a direct relationship between emotional intelligence and body image. Athletes in both individual and team disciplines athletics significant differences were found in both Emotional Intelligence and body image. There is an inverse relationship between emotional intelligence and eating disorders. The results Research suggests that teachers of different disciplines and sports psychologists term ''emotional intelligence. As a good approach toward dealing with eating disorders use. And educators and psychologists Expert sports athletes with the introduction of their conceptual understanding of the power of emotional intelligence، increase control and enhance Toward effective coping strategies are used to overcome eating disorders.

The researches conducted have demonstrated beneficial effects of physical activity on the nerve system specifically on learning and memory. However، very little is known about the effect of low- intensity physical activity on spatial learning and memory. In addition، there has been little investigation of the effect of exercise period on cognitive performance. In this research، we studied the effect of low- intensity short and long term physical activity on spatial learning and memory in rat. Healthy male albino-wistar rats were assigned into 3 groups randomly. Short and long- term physical activity and control (without treadmill running). At the end of training period، animals were trained and tested using Morris water maze. The data was analyzed by using the analysis of variance with repeated measure and one way ANOVA test. There was no significant difference between physical activity groups and control group in spatial learning in acquisition phase (p≥0. 05). But in spatial long- term memory tests، both trained groups were better than control group (p≤0. 01). Also، there was no significant difference between short and long term physical activity groups (p≥0. 05). Results of this study revealed that the low- intensity physical activity has no impact on spatial learning، but it improves spatial memory، significantly. Also there was no significant difference between short and long term physical activity، however long- term physical activity was better. Based on the results، the mechanisms involved in improving learning and memory are different، probably. And the amount of increase in cognitive performance is not equal to the amount of increase in exercise period.

Since aggression causes negative outcomes for person in social interactions and sport competitions and one of the probable reasons of appearing and formation of aggression is perfectionism، so the aim of this study is investigating the role of perfectionism in predicting of aggression. In this descriptive-correlational study our sample included 150 physical education students of azad university of Qorveh which selected by random sampeling method. Tools used are aggression questionnaire and Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. Results of multiple regression represented that there are positive significant differences in doubts about actions (p˂0/01، β=0/422)، parental expectations (p˂0/01، β=0/298) and parental criticism (p˂0/01، β=0/190) with aggression. Results of this study are showing the peredictor role of doubts about actions، parental expectations and parental criticism in aggression.