نشریه رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 18 (زمستان 1393)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the affection of selected SPARK exercising program on improving manipulative skills of the girls with developmental coordination disorder. Since based on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) test and questionnaire، 30 students were selected by random cluster among all second grade elementary school female students in Shiraz. The subjects after pretest were divided randomly into two equal 15- person groups as the control and experimental groups. The subjects in experimental group performed a part of selected SPARK exercise program in 12 sessions however the subjects in control group performed their regular school activities. Two groups took part in the posttest. In order to evaluate the motor skill of the subjects، second edition of Ulrich’s gross motor skill test (TGMD 2) were applied. The variance 22 was used to analyze the data. The results demonstrated that SPARK exercising program had a significant affection (P<0. 05) on improving manipulative skills in experimental subjects versus the subject in control group. This exercising program could be appropriate motor experiences for children definitely in an appropriate opportunity، so it will be recommended to be used at schools to improve students’ manipulative skills.

The aim of this study is to investigate validity and reliability the test of performance strategies (TOPS) in the Iranian adult athletes. The test of performance strategies (TOPS) is a capable test appraising the most important psychological factors in exercise and competition. This test for the first time was designed by Thomas and colleagues (1999) to estimate the most important psychological factors including competition and practice. This test was constructed based on the scientific research and results that were obtained from the current psychological questionnaires. TOPS were gradually reviewed and changed in different years and different points of the world. In the current study was used the latest test version including 8 and 9 factors for practice and competition respectively. In the present study 259 subjects that they had been selected from the Iranian adult athletes, have completed this questionnaire. These athletes (Mean age: 25/32 years old) were male and female athletes of varying ability levels (7 levels) from 19 different sports. The confirmatory factor analysis and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha method) were used to compute the TOPS's confirmatory factorial validity and reliability, respectively. Based on the confirmatory factor analysis, the validity of the TOPS was justified (17 factors that include 66 statements). Reliability of competition (0/73) and reliability of practice (0/74) were obtained from the extracted factors (8 factors related to exercise and 9 factors were related to the competition). So, TOPS can be used for appraising the most important psychological factors in Iranian adult athletes.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different levels of activation on the force production control of Iranian elite Taekwondo players. In this study, activation was used as a psychological skill with physiological effects. Control of the force production of the leg is considered as one component for detection of motion. This descriptive study was performed on 20 male Taekwondo players (ages 24±2.5 years), these players randomly selected from Taekwondo Superior League of Iran. The electrical conductivity of skin during the task was recorded as arousal index, and the difference between produced and requested force was recorded as force production error. For the task of force production, isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex S4) was used. One-way analysis of variance was used for data analyzing by SPSS 19 software. The results revealed a significant difference between high and low activation in the control of force generation. Also, Taekwondo players with lower and moderate activation have fewer errors in control of force generation of their feet. However, the results shown that elite Taekwondo players with lower and moderate activation had better performance in compare with high activation level in the same conditions and High activation has the negative effect on the force production control. High activation can increase errors in force production control and ultimately lead to poor performance. This study suggests that coaches monitor taekwondo players’ activation level to optimize their ability to control force production.

The purpose of this study was to compare the development of gross motor skills in tow subtests of locomotion skills and object control skills in and healthy children with thalassemia major. The participants in this study were 28 children with a mean age of 9.07 ± 0.813 years. 14 healthy children and 14 thalassemia major that were studying in primary schools. Test of Gross Motor Development (2000) was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using independent t -test. The results showed there is a significant difference in both locomotion scores (P=0.001) and object control scores (P=0.001) between healthy and thalassemia major groups. The thalassemic children in both gross motor functions had lower quality than healthy children. So considering that the fundamental motor skills establish a framework for future movements and motor behavior and Thalassemic children compared to their peers are in the lower level, need to plan for the improvement of these skills is important.

The purpose of this study was investigating the effect of exercise during pregnancy on the health indexes of infants such as: height, weight, head circumference, Apgar score and pregnancy duration. For this purpose, among all of the pregnant women who referred to prenatal infirmaries of Semnan, 42 persons were selected with purposefully method and divided randomly to experimental and control groups (each group 21 persons). Experimental group conducted a planned exercise for 8 weeks, 3 sessions in week and 30-45 minutes with intensity of 60-75% maximum heart rate. The results of Independent- t test showed there was a significant difference between two groups in weight, height and head circumference and Apgar score-5-minute (with better situation in experimental group) but there was no significant difference in gestational age (P≤0.05).In this regard to results, can say exercise during pregnancy will fallow worthwhile advantages for infants.

The purpose of the present study is to have a survey on the effect of the type of the acute aerobic exercise along with the moderate intensity on the response inhibition ability of the athlete university students. To do so, based on the criteria to enter or exit the survey, 28 athlete university students were selected among all the population of the students studying in Kurdistan University and were randomly divided into two groups: 14 students were assigned as the treadmill group (age: 22.5 years old ±1.28) and 14 other students as the ergometer group (age: 22 years old ±1.88) to be investigated in the survey. These students were involved in physical activities for 35 minutes with the intensity of 60 -65% maximum heartbeat rate. In order to investigating the response inhibition ability, the computerized Stroop and Wisconsin cart sorting tests were used before, immediately after and 20 minutes after the exercise. The results of the variance analysis test between the groups with repeated measures revealed that there is no significant difference between the results of the two physical activities on the response inhibition ability of athlete university students (P=0.05) although the effect of both of these activities on the response inhibition ability were positive and significant (P=0.000).So it is concluded that any kinds of acute aerobic exercise can improve the response inhibition ability.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of physical activity on the object control skills in High Function Autism (HFA) children (6-10 years old). 10 children with HFA among of 33 children with Autism disorder in Shahrekord autism rehabilitation center randomly were selected. After evaluation of the object control skills development by using of Ulrich test of gross motor skillssecond edition (2000) in the pre-test, subjects randomly were divided into homogeneous groups. One group as title the experimental group and other group as title the control group were considered. Selected exercise program that were used in this study was based on SPARK motor program that were applied for 12 sessions in experimental group. Then again, both tests were performed. Leaven and Covariate Analysis were used for comparison of means. Results showed that the selected activity has a significant effect on object control skills in children with HFA, but in some subunits of this subscale include: hitting ball with baton, dribble in situ, low trundle ball and kicking the ball the results was no-significant (P0.05). Training of selected physical exercises in HFA children in experiment group made significant changes in research variables but not in control group. According to the results of this research we suggest that selected physical exercise programs that derived from SPARK motor program can improve object control skills in High Function Autism (HFA) childrens.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of rhythmic exercises on perceptual- motor skills in children with visual impairment. Nineteen low- vision children with mean age of 5.44-5.7 years were selected purposively (10 individuals for experimental group and 9 individuals for control group) in Isfahan. Based on their performance in perceptual- motor skills measured by the movement Assessment Battery for children test. They were randomly divided into two control and experimental groups. Experimental group participated in 8week rhythmic exercises training, sessions of 4 mints per week and totally 24 sessions and control group continued its daily activities. All subjects were pre and post tested for data collection. Ancova-test was used for comparison between two groups (α=0.05).Research results showed significant difference in favor of experimental group in comparison to control group on capabilities including fine motor (P=0.002), ball skills (P=0.000), static balance (P=0.001) and dynamic balance (walking in high heels, jumping over the thread) (P=0.000). This difference was significant (P<0.05). In conclusion, it may say rhythmic exercises can to enhance suitable program perceptual – moving skills in low-vision children.

This study investigated the association of self-regulation and impulsivity with sport achievement. Predictive role of self-regulation and impulsivity in sport achievement was compared between contact and noncontact sports. A total of 223 volunteer athletes (102 contact, 121 noncontact) from different Iranian sport federations of wrestling, taekwondo, basketball, football, volleyball, track and field, swimming, gymnastics, and weight lifting participated in this study. All participants were asked to complete the Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI-25), The Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), and the Sport Achievement Scale (SAS). It was found that in contact sports group measures of both self-regulation (t=4.69, ß=0.39) and motor impulsivity (t=4.79, ß=0.49), cognitional impulsivity (t=2.26, ß=0.22) were positively correlated to sport achievement, while in noncontact sports group, the correlation to sport achievement was positive for self-regulation (t=11.72, ß=0.73) and negative for motor impulsivity (t=-2.32, ß=0.20). On the basis of the results of the present study it can be concluded that Impulsivity and self-regulation were the one of the explaining factors for sport achievement in contact and noncontact sports, respectively.

The aim of the present study was to assess how increasing fatigue in standing balance task affects performance and the variability of postural sway. Fifteen young healthy men participants were asked to stand still on a force plate after three levels (40 50%, 60-70%, 80-90% max of heart rate) of Physical Activity. As physical activity intensity increased, the amplitude of postural sway also increased. In the antero-posterior axis and medio-lateral axis Fuzzy Entropy (variability) of postural sway decreased from the stable condition to three level of physical activity condition. Lower values of Fuzzy Entropy in postural sway during stable condition correlated with greater percent increases in postural sway in medio-lateral and antero-posterior axis from the standing still condition to the highest level of physical activity intensity condition. With fatigue, The structure of variability move to less flexibility And it makes the system less flexible and environmental constraints limited duty to adapt their show lower and decrease the performance qualitative level of postural control task.