فصلنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی
پیاپی 19 (پاییز 1392)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the Effect of selected exercise training program on cardiovascular function in adults with Down syndrome. The statistical population of this research was Down syndrome adults of Nemoneh rehabilitation center. After study of their medical and psychological records، 19 Down syndrome (IQ between 35-69) with a mean age of 25. 684 ± 4. 014 years were randomly divided to two experimental (n = 10) and controls (n = 9) groups. The Experimental groups followed a 12-week selected exercise training program (a combination of strength، endurance، balance and aerobic training). Before and after the training period all subjects were evaluated by Impedance cardiograph method (Cardio screen) And Comparing of pre and post test in per group (16 variables) was performed by dependent t test. The results of this study showed that sample group in 8 from 16 variables have had abnormal values. But Following the training، the DS adults in the intervention group showed a statistically significant improvement in cardiovascular health with emphasis on five variables، thoracic fluid content، cardiac output، mean arterial blood pressure، systemic vascular resistance and systemic vascular resistance index (P<0. 05). Given that any variable in the control group after three months did not change significantly (P>0. 05) it can be concluded that the combined exercise training program can significantly improves cardiac function in patients with Down syndrome.

Gastrointestinal hormones have been in the center of attention in recent decades. Obestatin is an anorexigenic gastrointestinal hormone. Cholecystokinin is the other hormonal regulator of the digestive process، that is anorexigenic. The purpose of this study is to investigate the probable changes in obestatin and cholecystokinin serum after 8 Weeks exercise with different intensities on Fat male rats. 75 adult male rats، aging about 2 month، were chosen randomly from a laboratory. The rats were fatten for a month. Their average weights changed from 225-255 to 300-340 geram. Then، they were divided into three groups of control، exercise with low intensity group and exercise with high intensity group. The training program of the study consisted of running on Rodents'' treadmill for 8 weeks. Blood sample were finally taken from the heart of the rats in order to measure obestatin and cholecystokinin serum. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate mean and standard deviation; in order to study the meaningful difference between groups، one way analysis of variance test was utilized and Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship between groups. The result showed that there was a meaningful difference in the average obestatin and cholecystokinin in control، exercise with high and exercise with low intensity. As opposed to exercise with high intensity group، there was a significant difference in the changes of obestatin and cholecystokinin in exercise with low intensity group. Finally، the present study illustrated that exercise activities leads to reduce these two hormones.

The aim of study was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise in early and end of follicular phase on serum leptin، estrogen and cortisol levels in non-athlete femals. Twelve non-athlete women (age= 26±2 Yr.، height= 160. 64±3. 98 cm، weight= 53. 36±3. 85 kg، %fat= 24. 45±3. 67، BMI= 20. 81±1. 46 kg. m2 and VO2max= 31. 46±14. 9) volunteered. Aerobic exercise with %70 VO2max was conducted as a crossover in the early and end of follicular phase on motorized treadmill to exhaustion. Blood samples (3 mmol)، were collected before، immediately and 48 hours after the protocol. Leptin has been measured by ELISA. Data was analyzed by analyzing of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures. Rest leptin levels in early and end of follicular phase was no significantly difference (p> 0. 05). Also، serum leptin levels did not show significant difference in response to aerobic exercise in early of follicular phase (p> 0. 05). But، serum leptin levels in end of follicular، immediately after the exercise comprised with before exercise was significantly increased (p=0. 02). Serum leptin levels 48 houre after the exercis immediately after the exercise was significantly decreased in end of follicular phase (p=0. 04). There fore aerobic exercise probably on serum leptin levels in end of follicular phase effective more than early of follicular.

Determination of national norms of body composition and physical fitness in different sports and compare it with other societies'' norms may be present practicable guidelines and promote sport in country. The aim of this study was to codify of the physical fitness norms of young and adult elite weightlifters. Twenty one young (age = 14. 9 ± 1. 18 years) and 29 adult (age = 20. 38 ± 2. 43 years) elite weightlifters were selected as subjects. Data were collected by the means of the body composition and physical fitness tests including % body fat، lean body mass (LBM)، trunk and shoulder flexibility، lower and upper body explosive power. The results showed that LBM، lower and upper body explosive power in adult subjects، and shoulder flexibility in young subjects was higher (p ≤ 0. 01). There was significant correlation between LBM with trunk flexibility (r=0. 29)، lower (r=0. 45) and upper body explosive power (r=0. 60)، and trunk flexibility with lower body explosive power (r=0. 52)، (p ≤ 0. 05). The present study codify national norms of body composition and physical fitness by elite weightlifters، and also revealed explosive power in adult was higher than young weightlifters that can a part of this result related at least to lower % body fat، and higher LBM and trunk flexibility in adult weightlifters.

Diabetes and obesity are of the main cardiovascular risk factors. Improvement in cardiovascular function by physical activity has been attributed to exercise induced positive changes in metabolic abnormalities and risk factors that are associated with atherosclerosis. This study examined the effects of aerobic training on plasma Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule -1 (sICAM-1) in sedentary Diabetic middle age men. Twenty- four diabetic male patients (age، 40-48 years) participated in the study. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups: interval training group (n=12) and control group (n=12). Blood sample were taken in fasting state from all subjects. The Arobic training program included running training at an intensity corresponding to 60-80% of maximal heart rate، 3 day a week for 12 weeks. Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and lipid profiles (cholesterol، TG، LDL-C and HDL-C) were measured. BMI، WHR and body fat percent also were assessed. There was significant decrease in sICAM-1 in the exercise group (P=0. 01، 16. 1%). The insulin level and HOMA-IR decrease significantly (P≤0. 05). In addition، plasma levels of Triglyceride، cholesterol، HDL-C and LDL-C (P≤0. 05). changed significantly. Hence there was significant relationship between ∆sICAM-1 and lipid profile and ∆Wight، ∆BMI & ∆HDL-C. aerobic training by mediating lipid profile and anthropometric indices، can decline inter cellular inflammatory agent in sedentary Diabetic middle age men.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of glutamine supplementation on intensity of precived pain and Creatine Kinase after eccentric contraction in untrained men. Eighteen healthy men (age: 22. 35 ±2. 27 yr; body mass: 69. 91 ±9. 78 kg; height: 177. 08 ±4. 32 cm) were matched and randomized; double-blind study with subjects assigned to either an L-glutamine supplementation (n=10) or placebo (n=8) group. The subjects in two groups were asked to take three times in week for 4 weeks. Each subject was screened for dietary habits before inclusion into the study. Participants performed 6 set to exhaustion eccentric leg extensions at 75% of 1RM and rest intervals were 3 minute among sets. Creatine Kinase and perceived muscle soreness measurements were taken before exercise protocol and 24 and 48 h afterwards. There was no statistically significant difference between groups in Creatine Kinase. Nonetheless، glutamine ingestion 24 and 48 hour after the eccentric exercise، Significant decreases were observed in muscle pain (P < 0. 05). The results indicate that glutamine supplementation has no significant effect on muscle injury markers (Creatine Kinase) in between groups، but ingestion of glutamine can be effective in ameliorating muscle pain induced by eccentric exercise in between groups.

The purpose of this study was to assess effect of 8 weeks intermittent training on some antioxidant factors (uric acid، total bilirubin and total protein serum) in soccer players. Subjects were 23 young male soccer players. Subjects randomaly were divided into two groups: experimental group (n=13) and control group (n=10). In first، blood samples were collected of all players for evaluation uric acid، total bilirubin and total protein serum. The experimental group trained for 8 weeks، 3 times per week، with given intermittent training. But، control group players not participation in training. After eight weeks، second blood sample were collected of all players for evaluation this antioxidants with repeat first step diet. T test (Paired and independent) was used to Statistics analysis for data in signification 0. 05. In experimental group players showed statistically significant increase after 8 weeks intermittent training in plasma uric acid concentration and significant difference between two groups (p<0. 05). No significant difference between two groups in total bilirubin and total protein serum. The study results indicated that intermittent training in soccer players increase antioxidant capacity of plasma.

Introduction & Adiponectin is an adipokine secreted by adipose tissue that its circulating concentrations reduce with obesity، cardiovascular diseases، and diabetes. The purpose of this study was to survey relationships between changes of serum adiponectin levels with testosterone، cortisol، and testosterone to cortisol ratio following exercise training. In a semi-experimental study، twenty healthy men were randomly placed at two groups: exercise training and control. General Characteristics of subjects and serum levels of adiponectin، testosterone، cortisol and testosterone to cortisol ratio were assessed before and after training. Exercise training protocol included twelve weeks pedaling on cycle ergometer (3 sessions per week، intensity 60-70% of reserved heart rate، duration of each session 20-40 min). Data analyzed by SPSS16 software. Statistical significance was accepted at P<0. 05. Exercise training increased serum adiponectin concentration (p=0. 021)، while decreased serum testosterone concentration (p=0. 013) and testosterone to cortisol ratio (p=0. 047)، and serum levels of cortisol did not find significant change (p=087). Also، changes of serum adiponectin concentration in exercise training group were positively correlated to body fat percent changes (p=0. 003)، but had no significant correlations to changes of testosterone (p=0. 73) and cortisol concentrations (p=0. 098)، and to testosterone to cortisol ratio (p=0. 125). Changes of serum adiponectin levels following exercise training have no relations to changes of testosterone or testosterone to cortisol ratio، but it appears that exercise training may cause to increase circulating levels of adiponectin via decreasing body fat percent.

High-intensity interval training (HIT) is an efficient means of improving performance in a short period of time. The effects of HIT program on performance، physiological and resting levels of growth hormone (GH)، IGF-1، IGFBP-3 and Cortisol in elite athletes are not well known. So، present study was provided by effect of four weeks HIT on some hormonal variables. For this work، fourteen of Iranian volunteer players in national Basketball team (Mean±SD، age=23/0±3/24، weight=63/6±8/50، BMI=21/8±3/15) were selected and were randomly divided into two groups: Experimental (EXP: n=7) and Control (CON: n=7) groups. Resting blood samples were collected before and after the training. Both groups followed the same basketball training program for four weeks، additionally EXP group performed Running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) (six 35-m runs at maximum pace with a 10-second recovery between each run) as a HIT protocol for four weeks، two sessions per week. Statistical analysis was done by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)، using Spss 16 and P value <0/05 was considered significant. According the results of ANCOVA test EXP group showed significant improvement in GH، IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 EXP (p=0/012،p=0/013،p=0/015)، while Cortisol tended to decrease in EXP group (p=0/119). The current findings suggest that HIT program with short recovery can increase hormones anabolic and changes observed in GH، IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 suggest exercise training –induced anabolic adaptations.