فصلنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی
پیاپی 21 (بهار 1393)

Regular exercise can cause favorable changes in fibrinolytic system which might lead to improvement in its function. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of endurance training accompanied by fasting on fibrinolytic parameters in sedentary males. Twenty-four healthy male subjects voluntarily participated in the study and were randomly divided into fasting (F) and endurance training+fasting (F+ET) groups, though, because of the subjects’s withdrawal, the research was carried out by using 20 subjects (10 per group). Subjects in F group (weight, 77.4±16.2 kg and BMI 25.7±4.5) had only fasting during Ramadan, whereas, subjects in F+ET group (weight, 79.3±9.3 kg and BMI 26.3±2.9) in addition to fasting, performed an endurance training protocol for 4 weeks, 3 times/week. Two blood samples (6 ml) were taken before and after Ramadan for measuring tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) antigens and D-Dimer. Dietary intake was recorded before and at the second week of Ramadan. Weight, BMI and body fat percent decreased significantly (P<0.05) after Ramadan in two groups. However, weight and BMI reductions were more pronounced in F+ET than F group (P<0.05). Fat intake was increased significantly (P<0.05) during Ramadan in both groups. t-PA antigen reduced significantly (P<0.05) in F+ET group, though the reduction in F group was not significant (P=0.06). However, between-group comparisons for t-PA antigen, PAI-1 antigen and D-Dimer did not show a significant difference (P>0.05). Based on the findings of the present study, it could be concluded that probably endurance training accompanied by Islamic fasting lead to optimal changes in fibrinolytic system through reductions in body weight, BMI and t-PA antigen.

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurologic disorder in older age groups, which affects the central nervous system. The disease creates disruption in the basal ganglia of the brain, therefore the patient makes a lot of movement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance and balance training on muscle strength of PD patients. Twenty-two subjects with PD selected and randomly assigned into an experimental (N= 11) and control groups (N= 11). Patients in experimental group participated in a training program for 10 weeks, but control group did not participate in any program. Before and after this period muscle strength of quadriceps, hamstrings and gastrocnemius were measured using a dynamometer. The results were analyzed using independent and dependent t-test. Significant increase in both right and left quadriceps strength (P< 0.05) and right hamstring (P< 0.05) were observed. Strength of left hamstring was significantly (P< 0.05) decreased. There were no significant changes in right and left gastrocnemius strength (P> 0.05). It can be concluded that strength and balance exercise program improves muscle strength in PD, therefore it should be included as a modality in these patient treatment program.

Due to the increasing use of sports supplements and their harmful effects have been reported in different studies, understanding of the types, causes and motives of these materials is necessary and important. The aim of present research was to study the amount and kind of dietary supplements consumption in Iranian athletes participating in the London 2012 Olympic Games based on a theory of planned behavior. Iranian 42 Athletes (participating in the 2012 London Olympics) participated in the study. To data collection, two questionnaires (surveying the sports supplements questionnaire in sports (with 4 scales) and researcher maid questionnaire) were used. All analyzes were performed by the SPSS16 and AMOS softwares.To determine the components of the fit index, the chi-square, NFI and RMSEA were used. main source of supplemental bidder among Iran's Olympic athletes, was nutritionists (43%). for main reasons of athletes for supplement consumption, increased speed and agility (48%) and increased strength and power (47%) were reported. The greatest consumed supplement in athletes was order B-complex (92%). However, unlike previous studies, the mental norms was the most strong predictive index (β = 0/91) while the attitudes (β = 0/23) was the second predictive indicator and perceived behavioral control (β = 0/13) was the weakest predictive index. Lack of influence of perceived behavioral control is consistent with previous studies but not being of influence of attitudes is ambiguous. Because it is believed that behavioral intentions strongly is controlled by accepting the norm no with attitudes toward supplements. These findings indicate that in Iran Olympic athletes, the mental norms are probably more important in formation of behavioral intentions for dietary supplements consumption.

In accordance with the limited and conflicting results about the effects dietary supplements on exercise-induced inflammatory responses, the present study was conducted to identify the effect of acute different doses caffeine intake on the response of C-reactive protein (CRP) and peripheral blood leucocytes by following singleexhaustive resistance training in male volleyball players. Thirty male elite volleyball players (aged 21.47±1.45 years, fat 10.47±3.11%, and BMI 23.15±1.26 kg.m2) in a semi-experimental, randomized and double-blind design were allocated equally into three randomized homogeneous groups: two supplement groups (with Caffeine intake: 6 or 9 mg.kg-1) and placebo group (Dextrose intake: 6 mg.kg-1). After the acute supplementation, subjects were participated in a single-session resistance weight-training (with 80% of one repetition maximum until exhaustive). Changes in serum CRP and peripheral blood leukocytes counts were determined in three phases (Baseline, 45 min after the supplementation and 24 hours after the training protocol).The normal data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni at α≤0.05. The results show that the acute different doses of caffeine ingestion has significantly increase (P<0.05) on the basal inflammatory indices. Moreover, the 24-hour response of serum CRP and peripheral blood leukocytes counts following the resistance training in caffeine groups were significantly less than placebo group (P<0.05). Based on the present findings can be concluded that acute different doses of caffeine intake can probably to reduce exercise-induced inflammatory response (CRP elevation and Leukocytosis) following a single-session resistance training in male volleyball players.

considered a growing cause of cardiovascular diseases. Intercellular adhesion molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines are new prognostic and diagnostic factors for cardiovascular disease. Accordingly, the present study attempted to investigate the Effect of omega-3 consumption and participate in aerobic activity on sICAM-1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in obese elderly women. Quasi-experimental study was a double-blinded. 40 obese women (BMI ≥30) 55 to 65 years were randomly and easily-access ible selected, and then were randomly categorized into 4 groups of 10 individuals - exercise- placebo, exercise - supplements, supplements and placebo. Individuals in the supplements group consumed 2080 mg omega-3 supplements for 8 weeks. and placebo group used sunflower oil placebo produced in Zacharia Company. Exercise program included aerobic exercise 45 to 60 percent of maximum heart rate for 8 weeks, 60 minute and 3 sessions per week. after 12 h fasting in the pre-test and 48 hours after the last training session, blood sampling was obtained. Resulting data were analyzed by dependent t-tests, two-way ANOVA test and Tukey post hoc test was used at 5% alpha error level (p< 0.05). statistical test results indicated that there is a significant interactive effect between exercise and supplements in reducing serum sICAM-1 factor (P<0.05), meaning that not only reduction in sICAM-1 was influenced by the separate effects of complements and exercise, but combined intervention on both exercise and supplements had a synergistic effect on the reducing the concentrations of this inflammatory factor. In addition, the effect of exercise and exercise accompanied by omega3 led to significant decrease in TNF-α and IL-6 level, although omega3 alone had no effect on these factors (p˂0.05) The results of this study showed 8 weeks aerobic exercise with consumption of omega3 fatty acids family could led to significant decreased amount of selected factors in serum and can be used as a way for preventing, controlling and decreasing atherosclerosis.

The present study was investigated the effects of two aerobic exercise intensity on lipocalin-2 (Lcn2), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in 27 sedentary obese men (aged: 43.9 ± 5 yrs, BMI: 31.8±1.5; mean±SD and VO2max: 31.8±1.8) that have been selected randomly among volunteers. The participants divided into three equal groups: moderate intensity (45-55% Vo2max); high intensity (65-75% Vo2max); and untrained control group. Participants in both exercise training groups were completed a 12 weeks treadmill running (45 min/session; 3 d/week). The ANOVA test showed a significant decrease of serum Lcn2 (53.1±11.2 to 43.5±8.1 µg/L) in moderate intensity (52.2±10.3 to 47.5±8.5 µg/L) and detrained groups (54.1±9.7 to 53.2±11.9 µg/L) than baseline. This decrease was significantly different with other groups (p<0.05). Also, there was not any change in high intensity group after exercise than baseline. Indeed, a significant decrease was observed in IL-1β serum concentration in moderate intensity (1721.51±315 to 1429.85±218 pg/mL) and high intensity groups (1684.26±289 to 1344.12±302 pg/mL) after exercise training (p<0.05). This decreases in both exercise training groups were significantly different with detrained (1711.82±272 to 1701.65±254 pg/mL) (p<0.05). In HOMA-IR values, a decrease was observed in moderate (3.01±0.8 to 2.61±0.8) and high intensity groups (2.87±0.9 to 1.84±0.6) after exercise training to compare with baseline (p<0.05). This decreases in both exercise groups were significantly different with detrained (2.95±0.7 to 3.11±0.9), too (p<0.05). In conclusion, the findings suggest that for decrease of Lcn2, in comparison with IL-1β and HOMA-IR, perhaps its need to weight loss and participation in exercise training intensity with more than 45-55% VO2max.

Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP), a member of FABPs family, plays an essential regulatory role in energy metabolism and inflammation, and apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA1) is the major HDL-associated apolipoprotein. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training with progressive load on serum A-FABP and apoA-I levels. Sixteen male Wister rats (12-14 weeks’ old) were randomly divided into control (n=8) and training (n=8) groups. The training group was subjected to a resistance training program with the use of a ladder (3 days/wk, for 4 wk). Fasting serum levels of FABP and apoA-I concentrations and lipid profile levels in serum and liver were measured. After four weeks resistance training serum FABP and apoA-I levels in training group were significantly higher than control group (respectively, P= 0.026 & P= 0.028). We did not find any significant difference in serum and liver lipid profile between groups. These results indicated that resistance training with suitable intensity could increase serum A-FABP and apoA-I levels.

The purpose of this study was the comparison of combined training with and without vascular occlusion on selected physical fitness components in postmenopausal women. 28 untrained postmenopausal female (up to 50 years) were selected and randomly divided into three groups: Control (CON, n=9), Combined training (strength-aerobic) with vascular occlusion (CTO, n=10) and Combined training (strength-aerobic) without vascular occlusion (CT, n=9). Strength part CTO and CT performed with 20-30 % of 1RM and 65-80% 1RM, respectively; and aerobic part of combined training performed with 50-70 % HRmax. Exercise training program was conducted for eight weeks, 3 sessions per week. Before and after training program muscular strength, muscular endurance and cardiorespiratory endurance were taken. For analyzing the data, multivariate way MANOVA was used in SPSS 16 (P<0.05). Significant increase in muscular strength, muscular endurance and cardiorespiratory endurance were observed in CTO and CT in comparison with CON. There were no significant difference between CTO and CT. low intensity combined training with vascular occlusion has similar effect with high intensity traditional combined training on muscular strength, muscular endurance and cardiorespiratory endurance in postmenopause women. So, low intensity combined training with vascular occlusion can be substitute with high intensity combined training in postmenopause women.

Scientific evidence indicates the impact of aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acids - both –are for the improvement of the cardiovascular system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on the most sensitive of inflammatory marker the predictive of cardiovascular diseases (hs-CRP & IL-6) after aerobic exercise in elderly men. The statistical sample for this experimental study consisted of 36 male non-athletes in the age range of 57.37±3.37 years. They were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups: exercise with omega-3 supplements, exercise with placebo, omega-3 supplementation, and placebo intake. The 8-weeks aerobic exercise program included 3 sessions per week with pre-determined duration and intensity (55-70% HRmax). Daily dosage of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation was 2000 mg. Blood samples were taken after 14 hours of fasting before the study and 48 hours after the last training session. Data were analyzed by Kolmogrov-Smirnov, One-Way Anova, t-test at significance level of α ≤0.05. The results showed that after 8 weeks, Only in hs-CRP levels of omega-3 supplement group was associated with decreased significantly (p≤0.05). Omega 3 supplement+ aerobic exercise group, aerobic exercise+placebo group and omega-3 supplement group reduced levels of inflammatory markers, which was not statistically significant(p≥0.05). Also in final of research did not showed a significant difference between groups(p≥0.05). So, we can say that omega-3 supplementation decreased significantly the inflammatory marker hs-CRP in omega-3 supplement group. However, the interaction effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise and omega-3 supplementation could not create a significant decrease in hs-CRP and IL-6. It seems that significant changes in the most sensitive of inflammatory marker the predictive of cardiovascular diseases may depend on the duration and intensity of exercise and the amount of omega-3 supplementation that further studies need to demand that.