فصلنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی
پیاپی 22 (تابستان 1393)

Currently, sport science researchers try to identify the proper nutritional and dietary supplements, that is essential for modern sports. Therefore, most professional athletes to maximize their performance, use these supplements. creatine recognized as a supplement for Enhancing the effectiveness of athletes. So, due to its widespread use among athletes, study of its possible positive or negative impact on the body is a necessity. The researchers in this study investigated the effect of short-term creatine supplementation on markers of cardiovascular damage after exhaustive exercise in elite karate. For this purpose 7 Karate Ka athletes (mean age, 19/4±2/6, weight of 70/7±7/7, height of 179/7±4) participated in the study, voluntarily. Study method was double-blind. first, subjects were assessed on the treadmill with cardiopulmonary test. Before, after and 30 minutes after; blood samples were taken from the participants. Subjects consumed 20 grams of creatine or placebo per day for 5 days in 4 steps. Then, before and after that they were assessed with cardiopulmonary test. Between the use of creatine or placebo was taken one week apart to clean. The results showed that short-term use of creatine supplementation on markers of heart damage has favorable effects but not markers of vascular injury. Thus, short-term use of creatine supplementation may have a protective role against heart damage.

Abstract The aim of present study was to assess the effects of resistance exercise on lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in competitive trained elderly wrestlers. 8 elderly wrestlers (age 59.75 ± 1.98, Height 172.25 ± 7.08, Weight 76 ± 14.6, body fat percentage 15.33 ± 5.07) and 7 untrained elderly men (age 61.42 ± 1.9, Height 173.14 ± 4.09, Weight 79.71 ± 8.15, body fat percentage 25.18 ± 0.98) volunteered as subject for the study. Subjects completed resistance exercise protocol including: leg press, bench press, leg extension, lat-machine pull down, leg curl, cable triceps curl, cable biceps curl with 60-70% of 1RM and 8-12 repetitions. Blood samples were taken for measurement of lipid peroxidation (8-iso PGF2α) and DNA damage (8-OHdG) at pre, post and 24 hours after resistance exercise. The independent t-test was used to assess the differences two groups and repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test to determine differences between three blood samplings. After resistance exercise significance increase were observed in lipid peroxidation (p<0.05) and DNA damage (p<0.05) in both groups. In 24 hours after exercise the amount of indices significantly decreased and returned to basic levels. Untrained subjects had significantly more lipid peroxidation (p<0.05) and DNA damage (p<0.05) after resistance exercise. The results of this study showed that, long term and regular wrestling training can cause less oxidative damage in competitive trained elderly wrestlers than untrained elderly men after resistance exercise.

Abstract The aim of this research was the study impact of 8 week resistance training accompany with Omega_3 fatty acid supplementation on strength of upper organs (left and right hands), strength of beneath organs, Aerobic endurance and body composition of old women. Methodology and Materials: Subjects were whom 24 elderly women (average age: 79.6 ± 4.2 years, height 151.7± 4.2cm, weight 60.8±8.7kg, BMI 26.4±3.3kg/m²). Subjects were chosen purposefully and randomly who are divided in to 3 groups, resistance training, Resistance training accompany with Omega_3 fatty acid supplementation and control group. The participants of resistance training group have performed resistance training for 8 weeks by 60 to 80 percent and a maximum frequency. The participants of resistance training accompany with Omega_3 fatty acid group have used Omega_3 fatty acid supplementation daily, except to resistance training in amount of 3 grams but the participants of control group didnt have receive any treatment. Strength of upper organs (left and right hand), strength of beneath organs, Aerobic endurance and body composition were evaluated. to analysis data, dependent T- test, Variance analysis and Tokay test were used. (P ≤ 0.05). After 8 weeks, significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) was indicated in strength of upper organs, strength of beneath organs among 3 groups. As, resistance training group and resistance training accompany with Omega_3 fatty acid supplementation group have more strength than control group. In addition to it, the participants of resistance training accompany with Omega_3 fatty acid group have more strength than resistance training. There are same results about aerobic endurance. In relation to body compositions, there is significant decrease of WHR in resistance training accompany with Omega_3 fatty acid supplementation group rather than two other groups. There are same results about BMI. Regarding to findings of this research, we can conclude that resistance training along with Omega_3 fatty acid supplementation have more effect on strength, Aerobic endurance and body compositions of health old women. So, to improve performance of health old women, using Omega_3 fatty supplementation accompany with resistance training is offering.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on muscle NHE1 and NBC1 gene expression in rat.Male vistar rats(n=20), 4weeks age and 95.7±10.8g in weight were selected and divided into control and training groups randomly. Endurance training were performed for 7weeks that be started with relatively low speed and duration (20m∕min and 20 min respectively) in the first week and reached to 30m∕min and 35min gradually in the last week. NHE1 and NBC1 gene expression determined by Realtime-PCR technique in Soleus as a red(oxidative) and EDL as a white(glycolytic) muscle preparation.The between groups differences in variables were determined by independent T test through REST software. NHE1 mRNA increased in EDL and Soleus by 74% and 51% in trained group in compare with control respectively (P<0/05). NBC1 mRNA expression was also increased in EDL and Soleus by 62% and 41% in trained group respectively (P<0/05). In conclusion, these result showed that endurance training increased NHE1 and NBC1 mRNA expression in both oxidative and glycolitic fibers, Therefore endurance training may improve the capacity for pHi regulation in muscles by lactate independent pathway and these increases depend on transporter and fiber-type specify that are most important in pH regulation.

The present study aimed to examine the influence of acute resistance exercise order on visfatin and insulin hormones and insulin resistance index in overweight men. 15 young men (mean age: 21.3 ± 1.2 years and BMI: 27.9 ± 1.8 kg/m2) were selected purposefully and to be completed two sessions of resistance exercises. Subjects performed two different resistance protocols with %85 of a repetition maximum (1RM) [protocol A: from large to small muscles (leg press, bench press, lat pull-down, overhead press, biceps curl, triceps extension) and protocol B: from small to large muscles (reverse sequence of protocol A)]. For this purpose in the first session randomly seven of the subjects performed protocol A and the eight subjects completed the protocol B. 1 and 2 min rest intervals was set between sets and exercises, respectively. 1 week later, the second session of resistance exercise was conducted with the as the first session but the resistance activities for subjects A and B were displaced. Blood samples were collected before the exercise, immediately and 30 minutes after exercise at each session. By using repeated measure the results indicated that serum visfatin concentrations in A (p>0.05) and B (p<0.05) protocols, increased immediately after exercise. In addition, the insulin concentration and insulin resistance in both protocol increased significantly immediately (p<0.05) and 30 minutes (p<0.05) after exercise. Overall findings showed that, large or small muscles used at the beginning of the exercise do not affect the secretion hormone visfatin and other mentioned factors.

The increase of free radicals in different tissues has destructive effects in cells and body structures that it reduces with antioxidative effect of regular training. So, the aim of this study was investigation of interval aerobic training effect on malondialdehyde (MDA) total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and oxidative stress in active women. Thirty untrained, healthy and non-smoker women (age = 27.6±5.5 yrs, and weight = 64.2±3.4 kg), volunteered to participate and divided randomly in 2 groups of interval training and control. At the beginning the training was performed in 30 minutes with 1-1 proportion consist of running with 60% HRmax and speed walking. From week 4 increased to 45 minutes with 2-1 proportion with 60% HRmax (running - walking) and after weeks 11 to 14 increased to 60 minutes with 2-1 proportion. Before and after training course, blood samples were collected. Independent and paired t-tests were used for analyzing of data. The results showed that 14 weeks interval aerobic training led to a significant decrease in MDA (5.5±1.48 to 3.6±0.77) and increase in TAC (1.98±0.49 to 2.99±0.32). VO2max was increased significantly in training group (p<0.05). Also, MDA level (3.6±1.05 in contrast with 4.9±0.37) was lower and TAC (2.21±0.52 in contrast with 2.99±0.32) was higher in training group than control (p<0.05). LDL, TChol, TG were lower and HDL was higher in training group than control. It can be concluded that the regular interval aerobic training with increase of its duration and intensity decreased oxidative stress and lipid proxidation, and improves blood lipid profile in sedentary women.

Many researchers in the anthropometrics as a great potential application and validity for use. Research in this area on ergonomics, athletic talent, growth monitoring and pathological considered to researchers. The aim of this study was to determine the anthropometric characteristics Norm Toddlers Iranian boy. This descriptive survey study is to formulate norm.1712 toddlers boy's who participated in Basij Sport Organization leisure time programs with an average age of 11.9± 1.19 years old, weigh 37.84± 10.54 kg and height 143.63± 9.63 cm randomly selected and divided into age groups 8,9,10,11,12,13 years. Anthropometric variables were measured by International Association for the advancement anthropometry methods and somatotype was calculated by Heath-Carter method. Average body type Toddlers Iranian boys were: 1/3- 3/4 - 1/3. The mesomorphy dominant than the other components. The results showed that variables related to body fat gradually increases from 8 to 12 years, but in 13 years will be faced with the loss. Results, showed a continuous increase in leg length and environment variables. Body type of 12-8 years Toddlers was, "balance mesomorph" and 13 years old was,"mesomorph - ectomorph". According to the results possibly Indicators associated with fat in ages 8 to 12 years will increase and decreases in 13 years, With this unit standards can be uses screening tests in athletic talent, growth monitoring, nutritional considerations and sports injuries.

This study was conducted to identify the effect of acute caffeine intake and one-session resistance exercise on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and serum malondiadehyde (MDA) in male volleyball players. Twenty male volleyball players (age 21.20±1.24 years, body fat 10.75±2.78 %, and BMI 22.95±0.99 kg.m2) in a randomized design in two equal groups: supplement and placebo (6 mg.kg-1 caffeine and dextrose) were allocated. After the supplementation all subjects were participated in resistance weight- exercise protocol (7 stations in 3 sets per station with 80% of 1-RM until exhausted). Changes in serum of TAC and MDA were determined in three phases (before and 45 min after the supplementation and immediately after the exercise protocol).The normal data were expressed as Mean (±SD) and analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA, bonferroni and independent T test at α≤0.05. The results show that the acute caffeine intake had no significant effect on the basal serum TAC and MDA (P≥0.05). Whereas, one-session resistance exhaustive exercise significantly reduced TAC (P≤0.05) and significantly increased in the MDA (P≤0.05). However, no significant differences in any of the measured variables between the groups were found immediately after resistance exercise (P≥0.05). The present results show that acute caffeine consumption probable had no significant increased basal TAC and also can not decrease the undesirable alterations of serum MDA induced one-session of resistance exercise in male volleyball players.

Abstract The aim of present study was to compare of buffering capacities during isocapnic buffering phase between elite endurance and anaerobic competitors and their relationship to aerobic and anaerobic indexes. Fourteen elite cyclist who were either anaerobic (n = 6) or aerobic competitors (n = 8) performed one standard incremental test and a supramaximal exercise test until exhaustion in 2 separated sessions. During incremental test respiratory gases were measured and arterial blood samples were collected for lactate, bicarbonate and pH measurements. Isocapnic buffering phase was defined as the time between lactate threshold and respiratory compensatory threshold. Bicarbonate buffering was identified via Δ[HCO3─]. Δ[PH─] and non-bicarbonate capacity was calculated from [Δ[LA─]. Δ[PH] ─] – [Δ[HCO3─]. Δ[PH─]] formula, respectively. Two independent sample t – test was used for all comparison between groups and the relationship between variables was measured by Person correlation test. Bicarbonate buffering capacity (p < 0.01), isocapnic buffering phase length (p < 0.05) and blood lactate changes during isocapnic buffering phase (p < 0.01) in aerobic competitors were significantly higher than anaerobic group. Significant correlation was found between bicarbonate buffering capacity and VO2max (p < 0.05) and non-bicarbonate buffering capacity and maximum accumulative oxygen deficiency (p< 0.01). Our results indicated that relative contribution of bicarbonate and non-bicarbonate buffers against lactic acid during isocapnic buffering phase is different between anaerobic and aerobic competitors and can be used for aerobic and anaerobic capacity prediction.