فصلنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی
پیاپی 27 (پاییز 1394)

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of creatine consumption on body composition, anaerobic power and muscular endurance of elite wrestlers. Thirteen elite wrestlers (aged 21.09±2.91 years; height 175.63±3.97 cm; weight 78.6±4.6 kg) in a randomized and semi experimental design were divided into experimental (n=7) and control (n=6) groups. Experimental group ingested 20 grs CrM for 5 days and then 5grs CrM for 25 days; while control group in this period ingested placebo. Measurement of weight, fat percent (under skin fat of abdomen, triceps and Ilium), fat mass, fat free mass, upper body and lower body anaerobic power, muscle endurance of abdominal and shoulder muscles was measured in 3 phase (pre test, after 5 days and after 30 days). Data were analyzed by using Analysis variance repeated measure. Results showed that consumption of 20 gr /day creatine for 5 days (loading phase) result in significant increase in weight, fat free mass and upper body anaerobic power (P<0.05) and there was no significant change in fat percent, fat mass, lower body anaerobic power and muscle endurance (P>0.05). Consumption of 5 gr creatine per day for 25 days (maintenance phase) result in no significant change in any factors of study than loading phase (P>0.05). Notice to the results, It seems that creatine loading result in significant increase in weight, fat free mass and upper body anaerobic power of elite wrestler and however maintenance phase result in no significant increase in these factors, but remain loading phase changes.

The aim of this study was to design specific anaerobic power test, for basketball based on30-seconds Wingate test. fourteen basketball players from kharazmi University team were selected (meanheight176.75±9.5 cm, weight69.05±9.48 kg,age22.43±2.17 years, body fat 15.39 ± 6.20 percent and BMI,22.21 ± 2.43kg/m2). Max, min and mean power and fatigue index were calculated after Wingate test and designed new test (run a distance of 35 meters with ball and rest interval 10 seconds in 6 rounds).plasma lactate level also was measured after 2 minute of each test. After data normality test for correlation between power index and physiological parameter (blood lactate), Pearson correlation test was used. The results showed that, there is a significant correlation among the max, min and mean power obtained in new test and Wingate test(r=0.64 p=0.002, r=0.87 p=0.04,r=0.63 p=0.018), but, there was no significant correlation between fatigue index in two tests(r=0.017, p =. 0856).Also the mean lactate was not significant difference (p=0.298),2minutes after the Wingate test and new test (12.41and11.078). the max, mean and min power and fatigue index in new test had significant correspondence after two times of measurement (r=0.755 p=0.002, r=0.781 p=0.001,r=0.645 p=0.013, r=0.645 p=0.013).to determine objectivity of the new test between the max, mean, and min power and fatigue index by two groups of tester we observed a significant correlation. (r=0.755 p=0.002, r=0.935p=0.000, r=0.751 p=0.002,r=0.789 p=0.000). Therefore designed test that was named BAST’, according to a 30-second Wingate test is valid test for measure anaerobic power in amateur basketball players.

The aim of this study was to compare of acute effects of a resistance, interval, and continuing training session on serum intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) and C- reactive protein (CRP) in overweight men. 10 overweight volunteered for research and carried out three exercise protocols for control of individual differences. The interval exercise was a programmable protocol consisted 9 working phases on treadmill (at speed of 9 kil/h) and resting between them (at speed of 7.2 kil/h) which performed in 25 minutes. Continuous exercise was a 25 minutes running on treadmill at speed of 8 kil/h. Resistance exercise consisted 3 sets, 9 stations, 30 seconds working phase and 120 seconds resting between them which performed at 80% 1RM about 50-55 minutes. It is applied the ANOVA and independent t-test for extraction of results at level of p<0.05. An acute resistance and continuous exercise session did not influence the ICAM-1 (respectively P=0.66 and P=0.08), while the acute interval exercise induced a significant reduction (44%) in ICAM-1 (P=0.000). Comparison of three types of performed acute exercises showed a significantly more reduction in the ICAM-1 levels after acute interval than resistance (40%, P=0.000) and continuous (25%, P=0.02) exercises. CRP did not influence by performed exercise protocols. Generally, an interval exercise session accompanied with reduction of ICAM-1 than a resistance and continuous session that nearly matched based on duration and intensity of exercise.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of combined aerobic-resistance training on lipid profile and liver enzymes in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease under diet. 19 male patients (age: 38.1±8.2 years and BMI of 28.1±3.8 Kg/m2) were randomly divided into two groups of diet and diet plus exercise intervention. Training program included combination of aerobic (50-70 Percent of HRR) and resistance training (50-70 percent of 1RM), eight weeks and three sessions per week. In order to designing dietary regimen, alleviate 400 to 500 kcal/day from total daily calorie intake. Before and after intervention, blood taking, body composition, maximal oxygen consumption, and muscular strength assessment performed. Data were analyzed using dependent and Independent-Samples T test on gain scores, employing the SPSS 18 statistical package program (α≤0.05). The results indicated significant improvement in maximum oxygen uptake (P= 0.0001), and reduction in body composition indexes, TC (P= 0.0001), TG (P= 0.01), LDL (P= 0.004) and TC/HDL (P= 0.0001) in both diet and combined exercise group. In diet group, a considerable improvement was observed in weight (P= 0.01), body mass index (P= 0.01), waist circumference (P= 0.004), waist to hip ratio (P= 0.04), maximum oxygen uptake (P= 0.0001), TC (P= 0.01), LDL (P= 0.005) and TC/HDL (P= 0.003). But between group differences were not significant. This study showed that eight weeks of diet alone and combined with diet have no significant effect on liver enzymes in non alcoholic fatty liver patients, but induce increase in maximal oxygen consumption and improvement in lipid profile in patients with non alcoholic fatty liver. However, there is not significant difference between two groups. Insufficient period of intervention (diet and exercise), frequency and intensity of training may be the possible causes of ineffectiveness of exercise and diet on above-mentioned variables.

This study examines the effect of endurance, resistance and concurrent training on serum sICAM-1 levels and insulin resistance index in inactive women.44 healthy women with an average age of 20.2±1.6 years and BMI 20.8±3 kg/m2 divided into four groups: endurance, resistance, concurrent and control groups (each group, n=11). Training was conducted for six weeks and three times a week. Endurance training consists of aerobic blocks (60 to 75 percent of maximum heart rate). Resistance training was carried out (60 to 75 percent of one repetition maximum). In concurrent training program, subjects performed one session of resistance training and in the next session they did the endurance training. Blood samples were taken 36 hours before and again 36 hours after the end of training. The findings of this study using ANOVA with repeated measure showed that the levels of sICAM-1 in resistance (P>0.0001) and concurrent (P>0.0001) groups had a significant reduction, while in the endurance group this reduction was not significant. The changes in insulin and insulin resistance index in none of the groups was not significant. But, fasting glucose levels drop significantly in the concurrent group (p=0.01), while each groups was unchanged in the other. Furthermore, in connection with any of the variables, no significant changes were observed between groups. It seems that concurrent training have more impact on levels of intercellular adhesion molecule and insulin resistance index in healthy untrained women and to improve these indicators,

The aim of this study was assessing effect of twelve weeks combined exercise (aerobic-resistance) on plasma levels of Myostatin in obese youth. This study is a semi experimental one. Thirty obese adolescents willing to cooperate were divided in two groups: experimental group (height 165.28 cm, weight 85.53 kg, age 13.73 years old) and control group (height 164.54 cm, weight 83.02 kg, age 13.93 years). Then, the experimental group covered the combined exercise program (aerobic training consisted of running on a treadmill for 20 minutes and (resistance training with the intensity of 70% in one repetition maximum (1RM) with 10 repetitions per movement for 2 rounds) for12 weeks. While the control group received no intervention and just were observed. Blood samples were collected in two stages, 48 hours before and after exercise to measure the Myostatin plasma levels. Paired t-test was used for intergroup comparisons and independent t-test was used for comparison between two groups. Findings showed that Weight Values)P=0.000(, body fat percentage)P=0.000(, BMI)P=0.000 (and myostatin)P=0.000(after 12 weeks performing of combined exercise significantly decreased and VO2max)P=0.012 (significantly increased (p<0.05). We can conclude that after 12 weeks combined exercise, weight, body fat percentage, body mass index and plasma levels of Myostatin will reduce in obese youth. Thus, doing a combined training program may be effective in decreasing Myostatin, muscle atrophy prevention and loss of muscle mass of obese youth.

The aim of this study was to assess The effects of aerobic training on Nf-kB, Lin28B and let-7a microRNA expressions and levels of tumor tissue IL-6 in mice with breast cancer. Twenty BALB/c c mice (4-5 weeks,17g mass) were cancerous by injection of estrogen-dependent receptor breast cancer cells MC4-L2 and divided into two groups: tumor-training(TT) and tumor-control(TC) group. Then TT group completed aerobic training for 6 weeks, 5 days per week (14-18 m/min). 48 hours after the last exercise subjects were sacrificed. Tissue sampling were collected and stored in -70ᵒ. Nf-kB, Lin28B and let-7a microRNA expressions were accounted with Real time-PCR and IL-6 levels was accounted with ELISA Kit. Repeated measures and independent t tests were used to assess tumor size and IL-6, respectively. Statistical analysis of Nf-kB, Lin28B and let-7a were conducted by REST software. Tumor size, Nf-kB, Lin28B and IL-6 levels were significantly decreased in TT group compare with TC group (p<0.05). microRNA let-7a was significantly increased in TT against control group respectively (p=0.000). In breast cancer, a positive feedback loop consisting of Nf-kB, Lin28B, microRNA let-7a and IL-6 is activated. It seems that regarding to the depressing effects of aerobic training on this regulatory circuit in mice with breast cancer, This type of training can be used as adjuvant therapy in conjunction with other therapies for estrogen receptor dependent breast cancer.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of supplements use, knowledge and attitudes of their adverse effects among male bodybuilders in Karaj city was conducted. Target population included all bodybuilders of Karaj city. The questionnaire of 25 questions (Cronbach Alfa 0.84) which was distributed among 320 bodybuilders as sample from different areas of Karaj city. Research data by using the descriptive and inferential statistics (P≥0.05) were analyzed. The results demonstrated 82.4% of these athletes taking supplements. Also, it was found that the level of education, sports history and championship history of participants in this study is significantly correlated with the prevalence of use (P≥0.05). But, there was no significant correlation between level of education, sports history and championship history with knowledge and attitudes. Most used supplement were combination (46%), creatine (21.9%) and protein powder (15.3%). The most important reason for using supplements were, increase muscle mass (54%) and increasing strength (25.6%) and the most important sources of information, were coach (62%) and Teammates (17%). The peak of prevalence of supplement use, were observed in aged 16 to 20 years. Accordingly, it is inferred, indiscriminate use of these substances in the Karaj metropolis was increased due to the lack of consultation of athlete with experts and obtaining phony information from individuals present in sports clubs. Therefore it seems, if there is educational planning or informing to solve this problem, Should be done with a focus on sports clubs and coaches.

Whether the metabolic reserve in generalized metabolic syndrome (MetS) induced by aerobic training modifies synergistically the circulatory corticosteroids, neurotrophins, and insulin resistance, still remains to be elucidated.Following to a graded exercise test (GXT) to exhaustion, middle-aged obese males with high number of metabolic risk factors (n=30, Age: 58.2±5.3 yrs, Weight: 95.0±8.3 kg, BMI: 31.5±1.5 kg/m2. Height: 173.0±7.0 cm and VO2peak: 20.0±4.2 ml/kg/min) were randomly divided into exercise and control groups and examined before and after 8 weeks of moderate intensity aerobic training (3 sessions per week; by 50-60% of V̇O2peak). Fasting blood samples were taken and the nutritional variables were also recorded at both occasions. The independent sample T test. Pearson Rheo, stepwise regression and ANOVA for repeated measurements were used to analyze the data. Exercise training not only increased insulin sensitivity, Vo2peak, serum nerve growth factor, brain derived neurotrophic factor, insulin like growth factor-1 and testosterone; but also decreased all the metabolic risk factors, body weight, Z MetS, and serum cortisol level (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in daily amount of dietary protein, carbohydrate, lipid and the total consumed food through the study (P>0.05). Waist circumference, nerve growth factor and body weight were recognized as the most important predictors of testosterone/cortisol ratio (P<0.05). It can be concluded that aerobic training in generalized MetS, improves metabolic status and insulin resistance in addition to switching into an anabolic state.