فصلنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی
پیاپی 32 (زمستان 1395)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 5 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on TNF-α level in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in male Wistar rats. Twenty male rats (age: 8 weeks, weight: 190 ± 10 g) were randomly divided into HIIT training and control groups. Training program consisted of high-intensity speed running. Training program was performed for 5 weeks, 5 sessions per week. In the first week, animals completed 6 high-intensity interval bouts in 2 minutes at 37 m/min with 1-min rest intervals. In the second, third, fourth and fifth weeks the number of bouts increased respectively to 7, 9, 10 and 12, and the speed increased respectively to 40, 43, 49, 52 m/min. Seventy-two hours after the last training session, animals was anesthetized with a cocktail of xialyzine and ketamine, and visceral and subcutaneous adipose was removed. ELISA method was used for TNF-α, glucose and insulin measurement. Independent-samples t test was used for data analysis and significance level was set at 0.05. The results indicated that five weeks of HIIT training caused significant decreases in visceral and subcutaneous levels of TNF-α and plasma insulin (P 0.001) as well as insulin resistance (P

The purpose of this study was to determine the Effect of ischemic Preconditioning (IPC) in upper limb, lower limb and Combination lower and upper limb on specific judo fitness test (SJFT) and Anaerobic performance in judo athletes. In a randomized, crossover study, 13 judo athletes participate in this study and Performed two SJFT with 90 second between trials and a RAST test after 15 min rest, in four Condition: IPC Treatment in arms, legs, arms and legs and a sham Intervention. IPC treatment consisted of 3, 5 min bouts of ischemia, followed each by 5 min of Reperfusion. One-way Repeated measures ANOVA and Benferroni post-hoc test was used. IPC treatment in arms and legs resulted in an improvement in total throws and index of SJFT2, peak power and mean power than in other status (P≤0.05). IPC treatment in arms and legs also decreased rate of Perceives exertion than other condition (P≤0.05). In conclusion, if ischemic preconditioning applied in more limbs and with greater muscular tissue, it Improves SJFT and anaerobic power in judo athletes.

This study investigated effect of one session of aerobic training on serum levels of adipolin, furin, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in postmenopausal women. 18 sedentary postmenopausal obese women (BMI= 30.2 2.7 Kg/m2, age= 57 4.8 years) randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. Subjects in experimental group participated in one session of aerobic training of running on treadmill at 60-70% of maximal heart rate for 30 minutes. Serum levels of adipolin, furin, TGF-β1, TNF-α, insulin and fasting glucose measured before and immediately after training session. Statistical analysis was done by paired and independent t-test and Pearson correlation and p0.05). Furthermore, changes of adipolin between experimental and control groups were significant (p=0.046). Moreover, post training changes of adipolin negatively correlated with changes of insulin levels (p=0.001). It seems that changes in inflammatory and metabolic profiles cannot be the major reason of adipolin changes in response to one session of moderate intensity aerobic training in sedentarypostmenopausal obese women and more studies is necessary to identify the mediated mechanism.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of moderate -intensity aerobic exercise on lumbar spine & femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) and serum levels of calcium & phosphorus in sedentary postmenopausal women 55-70 years old. The statistical population was all healthy and sedentary postmenopausal women 55-70 years old in Urmia city. Therefore, 20 healthy and sedentary postmenopausal women with having an average [age (60.12±2.12 yr), height (156.71±6.17 cm), weight (72.47±10.28 kg), and BMI (29.46±3.24 kg.m2)] voluntarily & bona fide participated in this study and then subjects were randomly divided into two the Exercise (11 women) and Control (9 women) groups. Exercise group performed of twelve weeks walking & jogging moderate-intensity aerobic exercise 65-70% maximal heart rate, three sessions per week and per session 50-60 (min) in the morning, but the Control group participated in no intervention. Twenty-four hours before and after the 12-week training program in order to measure bone density and serum markers in the Exercise & Control groups were taken densitometry and blood samples, respectively. Evaluation of the lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD were measured by DXA machine and serum levels of calcium and phosphorus by Auto analyzer & Biotechnical Instrument Italy machines, respectively. Data analysis included descriptive and inferential (ANCOVA test) statistics using SPSS-23 software and a significance level of P≥0.05 was considered. The results showed that there was no significant difference between lumbar spine & femoral neck BMD and T Score lumbar spine and femoral neck of Exercise group compared to the Control group after 12 weeks of moderate -intensity aerobic exercise (P>0.05). Also, no significant difference was found serum levels of calcium and phosphorus (P>0.05). Furthermore, the inter-group results showed no significant difference in any of the variables (P>0.05). The results in the study suggest that 12 weeks of moderate -intensity exercise such as walking & jogging program (W-WJMIEP-R) had no effect on bone density and serum levels of calcium and phosphorus in postmenopausal women.

Aerobic training reduces breast cancer tumor growth. This study was evaluated the changes of expression of BcL2, miR-15 and BcL2 protein as positive mechanism induced aerobic training. 20 Balb c mice (5-6 weeks, 16-17 gr mass) became cancerous with injection of breast cancer cells MC4-L2. Then they were randomly divided to exercise and control groups (n=10) and 48 hours after the last exercise session, they were scarified and blood and tissue samples were collected and stored in -70ᵒ. Expression of miR-15 and BcL2 were analyzed with Real time-PCR and Elisa. The level of protein and expression of BcL2 and tumor growth were significantly decreased in exercise group compare with control group (P

Stem cells transplantation and exercise training are including of Non-drug treatment option that have been considered for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks aerobic training on striatum VEGF and DA levels in parkinsonian rats after transplantation of bone marrow stem cells. 35 male rats with the age of 7 weeks and weight 250-300 gr, were divided randomly into healthy control group and parkinsonian groups included of control, cell treatment, Exercise and cell treatment Exercise. To create a model of Parkinsons, the striatum was destroyed by 6-hydroxy-dopamine injection into the striatum through stereotaxic apparatus and then was used apomorphine rotational test for confirm it. For isolation of bone marrow stem cells, bone marrow of femur and tibia of male rats 6-8 weeks were used. After cultivation, approximately 105 cells in 2 microliter of medium were injected through the channel into the striatum of cell recipient groups. òExercise was included 8 weeks of running on the treadmill with a speed of 15 meters per minute in 2 bouts for 5 days in per week. VEGF and DA measured by ELISA method. The results show that, striatum VEGF and DA levels increased significantly in Exercise, Stem cells and specially Stem cells Exercise groups related to Parkinson group (P≤0.05). Generally, the results of this study approved the positive effect of 8 weeks treadmill exercise in parkinsonian rats after bone marrow stem cell transplantation which can be considered as a non-drug therapeutic manner in Parkinson’s disease.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a combined regular exercise during dialysis on cardiovascular diseases intervening risk factors. Forty-five selected hemodialysis patients aged 61±9.02 and weight 69±11.25 were randomly divided into two training (n=24) and control groups (n=21). The exercise group patients were participated in a 16-week combined exercise program during dialysis. Training program was including foot pedal ergometer and foot resistance exercises using weights during dialysis sections three times a week. Parameters associated with cardiovascular disease (Fetuin A and C reactive protein) and factors related to kidney functions and quality of life were measured before and after the training program period among patients. Based on the results, four months of combined training improved the quality of life and physical functions of hemodialysis patients. There was not a significant difference in C-reactive protein and Fetuin A levels among patients (P

The objective of this research paper is to evaluate the response of autonomic nervous system to different auditory stimuli rhythm in rest, exercise and recovery conditions. For this purpose, 14 physical education students with an average age of 21.5 0.79 years, weight 64.9 88.42 kg, body mass index 20.2 72.25 kg/m2 and height 176.3 83.99 cm were selected and during four separate sessions (without music, metronome, audio stimuli regular, irregular sound stimuli) evaluated. In each occasion, during three phases of rest, exercise and recovery, a twelve-lead electrocardiogram was recorded. Heart rate variability was measured with a total recording time of 10 min at rest, 10 min at exercise and 15 min at recovery phases. Analysis by repeated measurements ANOVA showed that during rest phase, no significant effects of auditory stimulus on Heart rate variability periods were observed. in contrast to the resting phase, during exercise phase auditory stimuli significantly reduced Heart rate variability. Especially, the effects of syncopated and unsyncopated auditory stimuli were more prominent. Similar to rest phase, during recovery phase, Heart rate variability indices were not significantly changed. The findings of this study showed that entrainment with auditory stimuli had effect on Heart rate variability. Also, the Heart rate variability response was influenced by the auditory stimuli structure. In sum, entrainment with auditory stimuli decreased Heart rate variability.

The aim of present study was investigation of simultaneous effect of calorie restriction and aerobic exercise training on plasma apelin 36 and insulin resistance. A total 20 overweight men volunteer (age 31.5±6.3, height 179.5±4.4, weight 97.7±13, fat percent 36.5±3.9, BMI 30.3±3.7) randomly divided to two groups Calorie restriction (CR=8) and calorie restriction plus aerobic exercise training (CR =12). Calorie restriction was 500 Kcal/day and 350 Kcal/day in CR and CR, respectively. Aerobic training was performed three times per week for 12 weeks at 60-65% VO2peak. The body composition, plasma apelin 36, fasting insulin, fasting glucose and TNF-α were measured before intervention period and 72 h after last training session. The significant level was determine P .... .

Obesity is accompanied with decreased health-related indicators such as sirtuin1 and catalase. The aim of the present study was determining the effects of 10 weeks of high intensity interval training with consuming green tea supplementation on sirtuin1 and catalase in overweight women. 30 non-athlete overweight women (mean age: 21.07 ± 1.2 years, weight: 72.1 ± 2.6 kg and body fat percent: 34.1 ± 1.5) were randomly divided into 3 groups including: high intensity interval training plus supplements group, high intensity interval training plus placebo and supplement group. High intensity interval training program were included running reciprocating in a specified path 20 yards in 30 seconds with 85 - 95 percent of maximum heart rate and 3 sessions per week for 10 weeks. Green tea groups consumed 500 mg green tea tablets for 10 weeks, three times a day. Sirtuin1, catalase, maximum oxygen consumption and fat percentage of the subjects were measured before and after intervention. 10 weeks of high intensity interval training plus green tea increased sirtuin1 and catalase levels and significantly decreased weight and fat percentage. These differences were significantly more pronounced in high intensity interval training plus green tea group rather than the other two groups. Maximum oxygen consumption was significantly increased only in the high intensity interval training plus green tea group. Possibly green tea and high intensity interval training by increasingsirtuin1 and catalase lcan improve antioxidant system, body composition and maximal aerobic power in overweight women.

Energy homeostasis during exercise is a complex interaction of neuronal and hormonal inputs that are integrated at the level of the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in fat oxidation during acute exercise in male Wistar rats. Thirty animals were randomly divided into three groups: control (C; n = 10), training (T; n = 10) and training CGRP (8-37) (Tࡤ37; n = 10). The animals from T and Tࡤ37 groups performed a single bout of endurance exercise at 26 m/min for 60 min. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood samples were collected immediately after exercise .The animals from Tࡤ37 group received CGRP (8-37) (an antagonist of CGRP receptor, 10 μg/kg; IP) before endurance exercise. CGRP concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum, FFA, and triglyceride concentrations were measured by ELISA. The difference between groups were evaluated with one-way ANOVA test and Tukey’s post-hoc test. CGRP concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum were significantly higher in the animals from T (P

The phosphatase calcineurin plays a major role in physiological and pathological processes, including immune responses, neuronal plasticity, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. With considering to effect of this factor in calcium signaling in skeletal muscle, the purpose of present study was assessment of calcineurin activation following of hypertrophic resistance training in flexor hallucis longus muscle of diabetic rats with skeletal muscle atrophy. Rats weighing 250–280 g were divided into the control, training, diabetic control and diabetic training groups. Training groups performed the training consisted of climbing a ladder (1 m) with increasing weight added to the tail in 17 sessions. The interleukin-6 and regulator of calcineurin 1 mRNA expression as calcineurin activation factor were measured in flexor halluces longus muscle using the Real-time Pcr method. The results of this study showed that the expression of regulator of calcineurin 1 was increased with diabetes in muscle of diabetic rats (P