مجله مطالعات مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 28 (فروردین و اردیبهشت 1394)

The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of free sport service promotion on pleasure and consumer’s attitude in advertisement. Research method was the 3×2 between subjects quasi-experiment factorial design. The statistical population consisted of physical education and Non-physical education students at Tehran of university which statistical sample 440 subjects were selected by using the stratified random sampling. To data collection، From Zaichkowsky’s Personal Involvement Inventory (1994)، Russell & Mehrabian’s Pleasure scale (1974)، Wells، Leavitt and McConville’s attitude toward advertisement (1971)، and advertisement were used، their reliability obtained using the Cronbach''s alpha 0. 89، 0. 93 and 0. 96، respectively،. From MANCOVA statistical method was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that a main effect of the service trial promotion on pleasure in subjects who have observed an advertising with service free trial promotion is more than subjects who have observed similar advertising without service trial promotion [F (1،879) = 256. 65]. Moreover، the results indicated that a main effect of the service trial promotion on attitude toward advertisement in subjects who have observed an advertising with service free trial promotion is more than subjects who have observed similar advertising without service trial promotion; they have a more positive attitude toward the advertisement [F (1،879) = 404. 23].

One of the newest platform for advertising grown highly now is advertising through sport especially football as one of the most popular athletic fields. Regarding such importance, present study is conducted with three aims in telecommunication service industry. The first aim of this research is to identify beliefs which shape audiences’ attitudes on advertising through sport especially football. The second aim is that this research evaluates the impact of those identified beliefs which shape an attitude on football advertising on a general attitude on advertising. The ultimate aim is to study the impact of the attitude on advertising on brand equity. Present study is a survey. 386 users of Irancell who were exposed by football advertising as the sample. To analyze, structural equation modeling (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used. Research findings show the significant impact of such beliefs as “product information”, “social role and image”, “hedonism”, “annoyance factor”, “materialism”, “falsity”, “reputation” in football advertising on “attitude toward advertising” and the significant impact of “attitude toward advertising” in “brand equity”.

The aim of this study is to the prioritization and determines the relationship between spiritual entrepreneurial experts sports federations. Research study is a descriptive – correlation that the field was conducted. The statistical research was experts’ men and women country sports federation in 1390. Information required was collected by the questionnaire "measuring personality characteristics of entrepreneurs. Descriptive statistics to describe the data and inferential statistics at the significance level (α=0.05) was used to test the hypotheses. Results showed that: expert’s sports federations are entrepreneurial spirits in the variables of the control center, need for success, pragmatism, Clearness of thought, dreaming, tolerate ambiguity and entrepreneurship. Also prioritize spiritual entrepreneurial experts respectively internal locus of control, Seeking challenge, intellectual clearness, pragmatism, the need to succeed, tolerance of ambiguity, risk-taking, and finally the dream. In addition, was observed significant positive relationships between all the variables, the exception of locus of control and seeking to challenge with tolerance of ambiguity and dream. Therefore, support the idea of ​​creative experts by the directors and managers of organizations have a significant impact on the spiritual development of their entrepreneurial.

Purpose of the present study was to Determination of the Role of Socialization Factors in the Development of ‎Sports Participation of Isfahan City’s Youths. Method of the study was based on the purpose of the research and the data were collected in a naturally applied manner; the study was a Descriptive -explanatory one. Participants included all the Isfahan City’s youths with 15 through 29 years of age 400 of whom were selected for the sample mass. A multi-stage sampling method was used and data were collected through the researcher-designed questionnaire the validity of which had been examined and approved of by some of lectures of physical education and sociology at the University of Isfahan. The results showed a significant relationship between the variables family, friends, peers the youths’ sports participation. The results of structural equations model analysis indicated that the variable family most effect on specifying the development of the youths’ sports activities. The conclusion could be put this way: the development of youths’ sports activity is not made via a certain channel rather different factors are involved.

The aim of this study was to determining the structural equation model of relationship between motivation climate and achievement goal. The statistical population of this study was club football talent (Perspoulis, Pishgaman, Saipa, Aboumoslem, Zobahan) in Mashhad (N=500). Based on Morgan Table, the size of statistical sample was calculated as 217 which after distributing and collecting questionnaires, 205 questionnaires were complete and eventually became the final analysis. For gathering data, two standard questionnaires, driven from motivation climate (Ronald et al, 2008) and achievement goal (Sean et al, 2008) were used. Validity of questionnaires was achieved through considering comments of professors of management sport course and by using Cronbach’s alpha test the reliability of questionnaires were found to be (α=0.72) and (α=0.79), respectively. The research method is correlational and has been done through field method. Descriptive scales and Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical tests, Pearson correlation coefficient, analysis regression Stepwise and Path analysis were used to analyze the data. The results of correlation test indicated that there is a positive and significant relation (r=0.433, P≤0.01) between motivation climate and achievement goal. Furthermore the results of regression analysis showed that mastery motivation climate and ego motivation climate is expect to qualify achievement goal. It seems the motivation of players reinforces the coaches can have a positive impact on the achievement of target players and they provide better performance and condition.

Responsibility to establish conditions formulated in Physical Education Leadership skills can help. The purpose of this investigation was to study Leadership styles (LS) among physical education and health group's managers in Tehran city educating and training offices and to determine its relationship with responsibility achieving conditions (RAC). Also for developing responsibility achieving conditions we examine the individual characteristics relationships with general management criterion (GMC) and LS. To this aim, from available 76 managers with Stratified random sampling, 53 managers participated in this study. The content validity was confirmed by 7 Sports Management Specialist & Data collection performed using the Individual Characteristics, Leadership Style (α=0.87) and assessment general management criterion questionnaires (α=0.79). For more confidence, 54 employees completed the GMC questionnaire. Data analyzed using t test and Pearson coefficient. Result of this study showed that managers significantly tend to task-oriented LS. Any significant relationship werent observed between current RAC and LS. But scientific experiences and experience in training courses significantly related to LS. Result showed that scores of manager's functions, roles, skills and GMC significantly related to LS. Also significant difference was observed between managers and employees report of GMC.

Many of sociologist and physical education specialist are concerned about increasing the aggression among the football fans. The aim of this study was identification of effective factors leading to aggression from viewpoints of the fans of Foulad Khuzestan and Esteghlal Ahvaz football teams (N=6500). Sampling was randomly which 354 subjects were selected. Methodology of this study was descriptive survey, which was done by field study. for gathering data, a questionnaire about individual characteristics and a self-administered questionnaire consisted of 30 questions with five-point Likert scale were used, which grouped in four area related to the status of the stadium safety and hygiene, refereeing, media coverage and event management. Construct validity of questionnaire was calculated 0.871 through factor analysis, and reliability was calculated 0.874 by using Cronbach's alpha. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (one sample t-test, Friedman ranking test, Kendall correlation coefficient) were used to data analyzes. The results showed from fans’ viewpoints, all of four groups of factors are significant in the incidence of aggression; in order factors related to stadium safety and hygiene with mean 2.89, factors related to refereeing with mean 2.51, factors related to media coverage with mean 2.39 and factors related to management and planning of matches with mean 2.21. Based on these results it is suggested that official’s football association in province and football federation can minimize the incidence of aggressive behaviors among eager and interested fans, through proper planning and eliminating barriers factors.

The overall objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the process of motivation (motivation factors) and the ethical behavior of employees in the Sports and the Youth Organization, West Azerbaijan. Through Cochran's formula, 154 men and women of West Azerbaijan youth sports administrators were randomly selected. Data collections instruments consisted of two highly reliable questionnaires, namely, Clifford taxes and colleagues (2007) (α =. 81) questionnaire of motivating factors and Lussier's (1993) questionnaire measuring ethical behavior (α =. 78). Data submitted to a series of statistical analysis performed through IBM SPSS Ver.19 showed a significantly negative correlation between motivating factors and the ethical behavior of the staff in the organization.. This means that increase in the motivating factors may lead to a kind of flattery decision by the individual in terms of adhering to the ethical morals of behavior.

Responsibility to establish conditions formulated in Physical Education Leadership skills can help. The purpose of this investigation was to study Leadership styles (LS) among physical education and health group's managers in Tehran city educating and training offices and to determine its relationship with responsibility achieving conditions (RAC). Also for developing responsibility achieving conditions we examine the individual characteristics relationships with general management criterion (GMC) and LS. To this aim, from available 76 managers with Stratified random sampling, 53 managers participated in this study. The content validity was confirmed by 7 Sports Management Specialist & Data collection performed using the Individual Characteristics, Leadership Style (α=0.87) and assessment general management criterion questionnaires (α=0.79). For more confidence, 54 employees completed the GMC questionnaire. Data analyzed using t test and Pearson coefficient. Result of this study showed that managers significantly tend to task-oriented LS. Any significant relationship werent observed between current RAC and LS. But scientific experiences and experience in training courses significantly related to LS. Result showed that scores of manager's functions, roles, skills and GMC significantly related to LS. Also significant difference was observed between managers and employees report of GMC.

The purpose of this research is study Iran wrestling situation at the Olympics games. Required Data for this study were obtained through reliable sources associated with the Olympic Games and by Using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation test, two independent samples) were classified and analyzed. The most important findings of this study can be noted to positive and significant relationship between the total number of medals and total number of wrestlers (both Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling) in each period. Also, there is significant difference between the won medal total in freestyle and Greco-Roman Wrestling; however, there is no significant difference between the won gold medal total in freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling. Moreover, there is no significant difference about won medals total and gold medal total between before and after the Iran Islamic revolution in both freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling. In the end, only nine Iran provinces have won medals at the Olympics games that Tehran Province with medal 13 has higher rank than other provinces. In total, it suggested to Iran wrestling authorities that take actions to develop wrestling facilities and talented wrestlers find and training different provinces, to elite wrestlers sent to international competitions such as the Olympic Games.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the empowerment of physical education teachers of northern khorasan province and their organizational commitment. This research was a descriptive and survey. The population included 607 physical education teachers working in northern khorasan province schools. The respondent sample answering to the questionnaire was determined using the Morgan table (230). Spritzer’s questionnaires and Allen and Meyer’s organizational commitment were used for the purpose of data gathering. Their reliability were obtained using cronbach's alpha (psychological empowerment = 0.88 and organizational commitment =0.87). Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and spearman correlation coefficient. The results showed a significant positive relationship between employees’ psychological empowerment and their organizational commitment. Also a sense of competence, meaning, self-determination, impact and trust correlated positively and significantly with the organizational commitment, affective commitment and normative commitment. On the contrary, no correlation was seen with the continuance commitment. Based on the results of this research, showing a high correlation between psychological empowerment and organizational commitment among physical education teachers, we can conclude that psychological empowerment of physical education teachers to enhance their organizational commitment seems inevitable.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the empowerment of physical education teachers of northern khorasan province and their organizational commitment. This research was a descriptive and survey. The population included 607 physical education teachers working in northern khorasan province schools. The respondent sample answering to the questionnaire was determined using the Morgan table (230). Spritzer’s questionnaires and Allen and Meyer’s organizational commitment were used for the purpose of data gathering. Their reliability were obtained using cronbach's alpha (psychological empowerment = 0.88 and organizational commitment =0.87). Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and spearman correlation coefficient. The results showed a significant positive relationship between employees’ psychological empowerment and their organizational commitment. Also a sense of competence, meaning, self-determination, impact and trust correlated positively and significantly with the organizational commitment, affective commitment and normative commitment. On the contrary, no correlation was seen with the continuance commitment. Based on the results of this research, showing a high correlation between psychological empowerment and organizational commitment among physical education teachers, we can conclude that psychological empowerment of physical education teachers to enhance their organizational commitment seems inevitable.

The present research aims to investigate the influence of leadership styles (Bass model) on the entrepreneurship in Administration of Physical Education of Tehran province. For this purpose, 34 sport managers filled out the Bass and Avolio leadership style, Samadaghayi’s (1999) organizational entrepreneurship and the demographic characteristics questionnaires. Statistical analysis of data (e.g. Pearson correlation and multivariate regression) indicated that there is a positive significant correlation between the transformational leadership and organizational entrepreneurship. Also there is a significant negative correlation between the transactional and passive-avoidant leadership styles and organizational entrepreneurship. The results of the regression analysis of the data indicated that the variations of the organizational entrepreneurship variable have been 57.7% influenced by the variable of leadership styles. Considering the findings of this study, the prevalent leadership style (transactional leadership style) in the general organization of Tehran province, was not in accord with the proper situation of organizational entrepreneurship. Therefore, the application of effective leadership styles (transformational), can lead to the increasing development of entrepreneurship in the organizations dealing with sports in the country.