مجله مطالعات مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 47 (فروردین و اردیبهشت 1397)

The purpose of this study is analysis of current state of professional sport in national TV. This is a qualitative study using the Grounded Theory method. Data were collected through review of documents and interviews. Theoretical saturation was achieved after 20 deep and semi-structured interviews with experts and managers in sport and media. Categories were identified after completing the process of coding and data abstraction. The model was designed according to systematic model of Strauss and Corbin (1998). Much attention to media sports identified as core phenomenon, other categories were organized around Core phenomenon based on the paradigm model. These categories include Casual Conditions, Contextual and Intervening Conditions, Strategies and Consequences. Some of its Casual Conditions include: Priority leisure programs and news on TV, Little media activity in other sports, financial benefits and easily attract audience. Some of its Contextual and Intervening Conditions include: Lack of media competition, large variety of different sports and variety of tastes. Its Reaction Strategies include: Lack of scientific and constructive analysis, lack of coverage based on potential and possibilities and finally some of its Consequences include: elite fostering, strengthening financial incentives instead of health motivations and generate interest of following disputes and problems.

The aim of this study is designing the pattern to Identify and determine the factors of incidence of corruption in Iran football. This research is descriptive and used qualitative and quantitative methods in the mixed manner. At first, by library research we review the related literature and documents and design an initial questionnaire with 46 questions by a semi-structured interview with geniuses. By this questionnaire we try to investigate 3 levels, macro levels with 5 variables, meso level with 4 variables and micro level by 4 variables. The statistical population is football beneficiaries we collected data from 109 questionnaire and analyzed with using SPSS19 and SmartPLS2 software. The findings show that managerial-administrative variables and training-educational variables have the most effectiveness at all of dimensions. In addition, from the perspective of the players, coaches, technical and management staff, referees, the media and football academy members the highest rank in forms of corruption is making money illegally. Considering good fitness of the conceptual model of corruption, the effect of macro variables on corruption is most and it is reported that micro and meso variables have less effect on this subject. Due to the high impact of the coefficients of macro factors in research, it can be said that this dimension plays an effective role in leading to corruption or vise versa in preventing it. Football Federation and Olympic Committee should focus their attention on this dimension before considering others.

In current situation of Iran sport industry, it is necessary to implement marketing activities such as getting financial supports in order to promote sports projects. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate barriers of attracting capital for sport projects of Western Azerbaijan province. Surveying the research design, the methodology was applied in terms of purpose, field study in terms of data collection and descriptive in terms of method. According to the research purposes, the populations were sport management experts, officials of the sport &adolescent organization of Western Azerbaijan province and sport marketing experts. In this regard 50 people were selected and 42 questionnaires were answered by selected samples. A researcher-made questionnaire retrieved from Onsori questionnaire (2014) was developed in a closed format. Assessment of the most important factors shows that management and organizational factors are the most important factors of attracting capital for sport projects of the province. The least important factors are social and cultural factors. The results indicate the necessity of attracting financial supports and it would be achieved by effectiveness of advertising, increasing the amount of private investment and development of manufacturing and service companies.

An efficient structure is the most important factor for reaching goals in all systems including sport system. The purpose of this research was to design a pathological model for sport in Iran. It was an applied research and was performed based on qualitative research method. Grounded theory (GT) technique was used for developing the pathological model. Population consisted of experts in this area (professors, faculty and officials) that 32 of them were selected using theoretical sampling. Data are collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews. The findings of the coding show that research core category, “lack of integrity” is the product of bureaucratic structure, task ambiguity, overlapping functions and distribution of tasks as causal conditions. Micro environment include the weakness of government establishment, the weakness of human recourse and weakness processes. The macro environment include economic, political, social, legal and international environment. Strategies include: provision laws, collaboration of institutions and Structural changes. Consequences include conflicts in implementation, waste of resources, the intensification of bureaucracy and structural conflict. Therefore, avoiding bureaucracy, removing parallel and common tasks in organizations, symmetrical distribution of authorities and power among organizational units, clear definition of communications among units, explaining explicit duties for all organs, splitting the national work and coordination among structures are the most important principles which should be regarded in order to achieve organizational integrity and coherence in Iranian sport system.

Performance appraisal is one of the main responsibilities of managers in every organization, the optimal implementation of which eliminates weak points of the organization and causes its development. Thus, nowadays researchers try to make results from performance appraisal closer to real condition of organizations. So, the main purpose of present study was to present a new model for performance appraisal and ranking Youth and Sport offices using combination of GCA and BSC methods. This study consists of two general sections, the first section is determining alternatives related to every four perspectives of balanced scorecard and the second section is ranking organizations based on gray cluster analysis method. In order to determine final construction of four perspectives of BSC comments of 297 chief managers in Youth and Sport offices in Iran as subjects were used and confirmatory factor analysis method was utilized. For implementing GCA method in ranking organizations, Esfahan Youth and Sport offices were considered as subjects. Results showed that among 26 studied Youth and Sport offices, Najaf Abad branch was in the first place followed by Esfahan and Shahin Shahr branches. Finally based on different stages, the model for performance appraisal and ranking organizations using combination of BSC and GCA methods was presented.

Employment issue is an important national challenge, especially among university graduates, in the upcoming decade. Therefore, identifying and developing characteristics related to entrepreneurship has a considerable importance, especially among physical education graduates. The main goal of the present study was to identify effective factors on entrepreneurship of physical education graduates. This descriptive-analysis study was of exploratory type which was done as a field research. The statistical population included 11 faculties of physical education in Iran from 2003 to 2008, the number of which was 4235 people. According to the statistical estimation, the sample size was obtained as 200 people. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (Ra =0.887) was used in this research to estimate validity of the questionnaire. Since the mentioned questionnaire was provided based on the identified factors affecting entrepreneurial of physical education graduates in research background and expert’s opinions, therefore, the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed spontaneously. Thus, in this study, similar investigations were examined and views of experts were used by Delphi method in order to identify the factors which affect entrepreneurship of physical education graduates in six psychological, demographic, educational, administrative, environmental and professional competence dimensions. Using statistical methods, the effectiveness of these factors was confirmed and, finally, some suggestions were presented according to the performed analyses.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate role of the Referees judgment on performance of the host countries in the Asian Games. Population of the study was 44 medalist sport disciplines of host countries of the Asian Games in their hosting period which 28 sport disciplines in 2 categories of predominantly subjectively judged and predominantly objectively judged has been selected by judgment sampling as research sample. The required data has been collected through books, articles, theses and related sites to the Asian Games and the accuracy of the data was confirmed by several sources. To achieve the research objectives, the obtained total medals (or gold medals) by the host country has been compared with obtained total medals (or gold medals) by the relevant country in the periods after or before their hosting. To analyze the data, was used descriptive and inferential statistics such as Smirnov– Kolmogorov and Wilcoxon tests by SPSS18 software. The results showed that there is a great difference between obtained total medals and the number of gold medals in sport disciplines with predominantly subjectively judged and predominantly objectively judged in hosting condition with non-hosting period. Also, difference of the obtained total medals in host period than non-host period in sport disciplines with predominantly subjectively judged is higher than sport disciplines with predominantly objectively judged.

Today, Sport Clubs are compelled to stay in the competitive market by satisfying the expectations of their customers in line with their assets. "The Quotient reputation", in this context, can provide the necessary ground. So, the purpose of this study, in addition to the introduction of the reputation, was investigated the impact of reputation Clubs model on the customer's expectations. The population consists of 1300 customer of Kermanshah province clubs (according to statistics of the Department of Physical Education) that a sample was set on 367 of people by Kersey- Morgan table. Two questionnaires were used to collect data: the Quotient reputation questionnaire contains 20 questions (α = 0.81) and customer expectations questionnaire contains 18 questions (α= 0.83); that its validity by 10 tons of sports management and marketing was confirmed. The findings, based on six factors (emotional appeal, products and services, vision and leadership, location and working environment, social responsibility and environmental and financial performance) in the sports clubs were classified reputation, of which only operating attractions emotional and environmental responsibilities could not impact on customer's expectations. Accordingly, the managers to meet the expectations of customers need to pay attention to factors affecting it and created new strategy in the field of business reputation of the club because the club reputation of the club has an important impact on our customer's expectations.

No athlete can be successful when he/she has not a cognizant and competent coach. The Purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coache's leadership styles and team cohesion and competitive anxiety in Iranian women's futsal Premier League. Research method was descriptive- correlation and carried out based on a field study approach. The statistical population was consisting of the all players of eleven teams who contributed in the 9th annual women`s Futsal league championship in the year 92-93(N=123). The whole population members contributed as a statistical sample in the current research. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that only the leadership style of positive feedback and autocrat are capable of anticipating Group cohesion within the five-leadership style. The results of this test have determined the leadership method of education and training as the most powerful reason for anticipating the cognitive and physical anxiety. Based on the underlying results of the current research, it is suggested that the women`s Futsal coaches of the country should choose the appropriate leadership styles with respect to the players` personal characteristics as well as team conditions in order to properly control the Group cohesion and competitive anxiety. Further, it is recommended that the coaches pay attention not only to the players` physical preparation, but also to the physiological aspect and the players` competitive anxiety because pre-competition anxiety can affect the players` technical and physical preparation leading to disorders in the athlete's performance.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of sensory stimuli in sport stadium on arousal, satisfaction and revisit intention of football spectators. This is an applied and descriptive-correlational study. Population of research includes all football premier leagues of Iran spectators. Sample size determines 200 spectators of football premier leagues. Study tool include a researcher made questionnaire with 31 items. In order to determine validity, exploratory factor analysis and first order confirmatory factor analysis was used. In addition, the amount of reliability investigates with Cronbach’s alpha test. Finally, in order to identify the relationship between variable, path analyses ran in Amos software. Results showed that all sensory stimuli in the stadium causing arousal of spectators. And Sensory stimuli of smell and hearing were also cause satisfaction of spectator. In general, sensory stimuli causes arousal and satisfaction, arousal cause satisfaction, ultimately satisfaction leads to revisit intention. It is suggested that if clubs have their own stadium, pay attention to this new approach and if they haven’t stadium they can employee sensory marketing team to make these senses in match time to enhance arousal, satisfaction and revisit intention of football spectators.

The aim of this study was to design social exchange communication model among coaches and athlete students selected areas of Islamic Azad Universities. The study was conducted by an applicable descriptive correlation method. The population included the athlete students from 1, 4, 16, 26, and 30 areas of Islamic Azad Universities (2072 persons). The sample size was 327 people based on Morgan schedule by using convenience method. Data were selected by the role of coach-athlete interactions questionnaire in athlete students’ performance. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.947. Descriptive statistics, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov regarding normality, and structural equation model for testing were utilized. The model correlation was confirmed. Understanding of justice had a significant effect on trust. Also, leader- member exchange had a significant effect on trust, and it was found that leader-member exchange had a direct and indirect effect on the individual performance through the mediation of commitment. Therefore, according to the social exchange theory, coaches after athlete students trust going could establish continued interactive relationship among themselves and athlete students which could promote individual athlete students’ performance.

This study aimed to anticipation of organizational agility in the Ministry of Youth and Sports according to organizational forgetting and its factors. Method was descriptive and type of correlation. Population was all employees of the Ministry of Sport and Youth (n=180), respectively. The questionnaire targeted organizational forgetting Jalali and colleagues (2010) and organizational agility Spitzer (2007) was used. For validity using 10 sports management experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha, respectively, .85 and .93 percent were reported. Descriptive and inferential statistics (K-S, Pearson and regression) were used. Results showed significant correlation between organizational forgetting and organizational agility. Among organizational forgetting factors, Intentional organizational forgetting has most correlation with organizational agility. Regression analysis showed that organizational forgetting and its factors (Intentional organizational forgetting, knowledge management potential, organizational lerning) anticipated 45 percent of organizational agility. Also, among organizational forgetting factors, unlearning was most important anticipate of organizational forgetting.