نشریه اقتصاد و بانکداری اسلامی
پیاپی 11 (تابستان 1394)

Normal economy is facing with a lack information. With the development of the principle of "self-interest" in the real world and the lack of emphasis on ethics, adverb selection, moral hazard and Employer -agency problem Occur. Followed by the efficiency and productivity of the economy will be in trouble. In the real world, economy flights with low uncertainties and economic factors. This uncertainties leads to risk and economic hazard factors in the decision. As a result, led to the decision to be incorrect. Information rise, one way to reduce the risk of problems of lack and asymmetry of information, for it must be to build and strengthen legal institutions, including those in the legal rules and ethical rules is particularly important. In this study the issue specifically in the Islamic economy in the commodity market will be checked. In this study, using meta-analysis effect commercial legal provisions such as: (1) avoidance of speculation (2) avoidance of betrayal (fainting, product makeup, false propaganda and exaggerated expression of quality products, low sales, usury), (3) indecent acts (conspiracy to overcharging, as Rukban, intermediary unhelpful, greed, greed and unwarranted competition, (4) the use of harmful practices (measurement, the third entry, praise and blame their goods other commodities, oath the transactions complained of limited income)) will be discussed. The results show that all Islamic law lead to equality and elimination of defects and misuse of the information asymmetry. Since the results of ethical behavior for Muslim businessmen to be institutionalized and become part of the culture there is less need to control and monitor the government. To make the above provisions, guidelines such as "public education", "strengthening the foundations of the faith" and "market surveillance" to be raised. According to the results of this meta-analysis training to Muslim merchants in priority cases and grounds for reducing the risk of misuse of asymmetry of information.

Islamic economic system, considers market as one of the main institutions where transactions are carried out. The freedom of entry and exit, the existence of clear information, lack of compromise (conspiracy) in price and profit increase, the lack of monopoly, and ultimately the existence of morality which is the main factor in achieving the above-mentioned characteristics are the most important features of an Islamic market. Islam has defined some limits for each of the transactions, referred to as rules, one of them is the denial of hoarding. According to this rule, any transaction which leads to a risk caused by the lack of clear information and causes moral hazard that affects the prices and thus the supply and demand for traded goods and risk of loss has been banned. In this study, using the application of game theory, the relationship between buyer and seller while hoarding, which is one of the important issues in Islamic economics is analyzed and the main purpose of the study is the unlawfulness of the type of transaction in Islam using game theory. For this analysis, we investigate a hypothetical transaction in the form of a game with asymmetric information. It can be concluded that the lack of attention to this important issue in society which is due to the moral hazard causes additional costs for individuals and reduces society utility as a whole. By solving the problem of incomplete information and clearing it, the probability of transactions with hoarding is reduced.

With the formation of the Iran Republic Islamic System, legislation in various areas, including social, economic, political and legal to determine the specific type of human behavior in social relations between individuals seem necessary, because the purpose of law enforcement in each military is realizing of order and security in society. Ethics and moral standards of one side can be effective in maintaining the values of a society and on the other hand respecting can lead to a sense of social responsibility among people. Economic behavior of each individual, depends on ethics and beliefs and his performance, when the economic behavior laws, all people follwer social relationships and their function will be required to follow it. Human economic behavior based on the law and based on Islamic values could lead to ethics in humans, as human morality comes from within him. So the moral values such as justice, fairness, freedom can effect on ethic economic. Ethic is background of economic activity, because everyday exchanges with ethics and the importance of putting the main goal of any society is seen as important in social life. According to the concept of ethic and enter to the economics and then necessity of transfer law it can be appointed to rule the world. This article expresses the relationship between ethics and economics, economic ethics, the concept of ethics in the Islamic Republic of Iran laws, including the constitution, Islamic law and the Penal Code deals with the labor laws and the Penal and expressly Ethics in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran according to the principles and values can be seen. Research method in this article is describing. The purpose of the article is investigating the Ethics in economic positions, politics and law in the purpose of efficiency in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

In the last two decades, the world has witnessed the emergence of the new model of production in knowledge-based economy. In the knowledge economy, knowledge as the most important factor of production, from the perspective of the role in the creation of value added, is ahead of other factors of production. Therefore, factors affecting the production of knowledge become much more important. One aspect of the realization of the knowledge-based economy lies in its relationship with moral values. This article studies the role of moral values in economic performance and in particular the realization of the knowledge-based economy. The case study of the article is Iran's economy. The method of the research is descriptive and analytic. Its theoretical foundations are derived from the findings of institutional economics. In order to explain how the realization of the knowledge-based economy is influenced by moral values, social capital is used which itself is a Meta institution and its role is an emphasis on the causal institutional relationships and the role of institutions in economic performance. The findings of this study show that: (1) the economic performance of individuals and societies is a function of ethical values and institutions of the society. (2) The implementation of the model of knowledge economy, like any other economic purpose, requires the fulfillment of its certain institutional and moral values requirements.

The introduction of new financial instruments known as derivatives on the one hand, Capital market and other conditions of the Risk Management provides manufacturers to reduce concerns. The effective competitive weapon in the international arena, inventing new ways of trading and hedging for success, and the futures Trading of these methods. The purpose of futures markets, providing risk management tool for investors and getting them to optimal commercial purposes. Futures markets, provided the conditions to continue to supply and demand factors and other indicators to assess market. Based on the analysis of business data the futures market, prices are determined. Another objective is to track and assess future needs is security futures markets to compensate for the risks of changing prices in the cash markets. This article is about the study of the subject.

Development and diversification of economic activities in the country and efforts to privatize state enterprises led to increase of the number and broadening of the scope of activities of public companies and increasing development of the capital market over the past decade, and further enhanced the need to exercise financial control over the production units and organizations. Elimination of this need requires providing financial information which is reliable, relevant, and comparable by various companies and institutions. Preparation and presentation of this information requires usingof the services of professional accountants. Independent professional accountants also perform the evaluation of this information and auditing of financial statements. Approval of activities of organizations and firms by independent professional accountants also has an important role in transparency of capitaland financial markets through creating confidence and meeting the needs of investors, and provides the basis for achieving economic growth and development. On the other hand,in academic education of professional accountants, the method of professional behavior and the courses related to Islamic ethics should be considered, so that they provide the basis for more accountability and responsiveness and creating commitment to provide safe and calm environment for investment of the investors.