مجله پژوهش در نشخوار کنندگان
سال چهارم شماره 1 (بهار 1395)

Pasta Waste (PW) is commercially 40 to 50 per cent cheaper than barley. Moreover, Pasta Waste and barley grain have similar chemical composition. So the goal of present study was Substituting Pasta Waste with Barley Grains in Fattening diet of Balouchi lambs.
Materials and Two experiments were assigned so as to evaluate substitution pasta waste (PW) with barley grain. In the first study gas production parameters of barley grain, PW and fattening diets of the second study were examined. In the second study effects of barley substitution with PW (in range of 0, 50 and 100% ) ondry mater intake (DMI), daily weight gain, apparent feed digestion and blood parameters were evaluated. 18 Baluchi male lambs (28.5±1 kg) with 5 to 6 month age were assigned randomly to three experimental fattening diets differing in PW ratio in a completely randomized design for 90 days.
The average of gas production from fermentable fraction (b) in PW was significantly higher than barley grain (P Present study result showed that in sito gas production of pasta wastes was higher than barley grain. Moreover, substitution of pasta wastes with barley grain had no negative effects on Balouchi lambs performance and reduced considerably feed cost and daily weight gain costs. So pasta wastes can use effectively in fattening lamb diets.

Back ground and Salmonella spp., genus of gram-negative rodshaped bacteria of the family enterobacteriaceae, are one of the most common bacteria can be transmitted from animals to humans and because of their wide range of reservoirs and transmission by feces origin, is one of the most important and commonest zoonotic disease. Salmonella spp. are able to cause severe gastroenteritis, sepsis and occasionally death in humans and livestock. Farm animals such as sheep and goats which are one of the important food sources for humans, can be potential reservoirs of zoonotic Salmonella spp. Although, antibiotic resistance in Salmonella spp. is an emerging problem during the last decades. The ultimate objective of this study was to determine shedding frequency of Salmonella spp in fecal samples of healthy sheep, serotype and antimicrobial resistance pattern of isolated Salmonella spp in rural flocks of Golestan Province.
A total of 120 fecal samples were directly obtained from rectum of apparently healthy sheep. Salmonella contamination of sampled fecal was surveyed by microbial culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using primers of the Salmonella inv A gene. Serotype and antibiotic resistant pattern of detected salmonella were determined too. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, version 20, values were tested for statistical significance using chi-square test and P value of 0.05 or less was considered significant.
Out of the total 120 examined animals, 20 (16.6%) and 22 (18.3%) were Salmonella spp. carriers by microbial culture and PCR, respectively. In spite of higher detection rate of salmonella with PCR than microbial culture, the difference wasn’t significant (P˃0.05). In this study, all positive microbial culture results were confirmed with PCR. Serotype of isolates included: 13 (65%) S. enteritidis and 7 (35%) S. typhimurium. Salmonella contamination rate was similar in male and female sheep. Highest Salmonella shedding was observed in autumn. The highest rate of resistance was against Ciprofloxacin (75%), Tetracycline (60%) and Streptomycin (60%). Also results of the current study indicated that Furazolidone is a good antibiotics showing high activity against isolated Salmonella spp.
The results of this study confirm the role of sheep as potential Salmonella carriers so it is suggested that caution should be exercised in sheep growth and consumption of foods which are obtained from sheep in rural areas. Overall, the obtained results emphasize the need for a surveillance and monitoring system to emerge drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria in ruminant and other animals.

Barley as native cereal is the single source of carbohydrate in fattening sheep. But barley causes some problems due to the fast degradation in the rumen like acidosis and decrease in growth performance. So the replacement of barley with another cereal like corn is necessary because corn has slow degradability in the rumen. On the other hand, any change in the ration composition has economical and financial effects in addition to the nutritional effects. Ignoring these financial and economic effects in decision making about the ration composition or changing it, could results in negative consequences. Different ration compositions could simultaneously have different cost and revenue effects and eventually different profitability consequences.
This study has tried to investigate all positive and negative economic consequences of replacement barley with different processed corn in fattening lambs. For this purpose, the used feeds in fattening period were balanced based on the experimental treatments with fixed quantity of protein and energy and 7 treatments/diets including 1) 100% Barley, 2) 50%:50% Barley & Grinding Corn, 3) 100% Grinding Corn, 4) 50%:50% Barley & Steam Flaking Corn, 5) 100% Steam Flaking Corn, 6) 50%:50% Barley & Pelleting Corn and 7) 100% Pelleting Corn. Every treatment included five lambs and each of 35 lambs was individually experimented during 84 days.
The results indicated that the rations control treatment and 100% steam flaking corn respectively have the least and the most cost increase for all periods.
Also, the rations control treatment and 100% pelleting corn respectively have the least and the most revenue increase for all periods.
Totally, and based on the partial budgeting results the rations 100% steam flaking corn and 100% pelleting corn respectively have the least and the most effects on relative profitability for all periods.

The Raeini Cashmere goat is one of the most important breeds among Iranian goat. This study was conducted to characterize genetic diversity and population structure of Raeini Cashmere goat using pedigree analysis, to identify factors affected the genetic variability of this breed. By knowing these kinds of parameters especially probability of gene origin parameters animal breeders could suggest good strategies to manage inbreeding and describing decrease in genetic variability in the population.
The information of 7264 goat from 293 fathers and 2057 mothers were used. The data were collected during 1990-2013 in Raeini Cashmere goat breeding station in Baft, Kerman. Estimation of inbreeding coefficient was done by CFC software. Endog (v4.8) software was used to compute other pedigree analyses including mean coancestry, mean relationship, effective population size, probability of gene origin parameters and average generation interval.
The mean generation interval was 3.93 years. The generation interval in the dam-progeny pathway was shorter than in sire-progeny pathway. The mean coancestry of this population was estimated 0.012 percent. Average inbreeding coefficients of the population and within inbred population were 0.08 and 3.5 percent, respectively. Inbred animals formed small part of the population and included about 2 percent of total animals. The maximum inbreeding coefficient was 25 percent and the majority of inbred animals were animals with inbreeding coefficient up to 5 percent. Increase in inbreeding was 0.004 percent per year and based on 3.9 generation interval inbreeding will increase about 0.015 percent per generation. The mean relationship was 0.24 percent. The relationship coefficients estimates between male and female animals are to predict the future level of inbreeding in population. The total number of founder animals, the effective number of founders, effective number of ancestors and effective number of founder genomes, were estimated 1227, 251, 232, 240 heads, respectively. Also, the effective population size was 191 heads.
The results of this study showed that the effective population size of this population decreased during the period of research. The effective population size in Raeini Cashmere goat was in good condition according to the FAO suggestion. An effective population size of 50 determined by FAO as a critical status for animal populations. But if this trend continues in the future, the effective size of the population will approach to critical levels. The results of this study indicated that, the contribution of the founders and major ancestors to the population has been unbalanced due to the selection of animals and the genetic variability of the population decreased compared to the founder population. In comparison to other breeds, the population under study has an acceptable level of genetic variability.

Regarding to scarcity of feedstuff for animal feeding, the use of agricultural by products is a necessity. So, the present study was designed and conducted to investigate the effects of replacing different levels of corn silage with ensiled pumpkin on performance of lactating Holstein cows.
Material and this study was conducted as a merged Latin square experimental design using 12 lactating Holstein cows (BW 650±20 kg, DIM 70± 10 and average daily milk production 31± 3 kg) divided in 3 treatments with 4 replicates. Experiment was conducted in 3 periods of 28 days each and the treatments were: 1) replacement of zero percent corn silage with pumpkin silage, 2) replacement of 30 percent corn silage with pumpkin silage and, 3) replacement of 60 percent corn silage with pumpkin silage. The ensiled pumpkin was comprised of 80% pumpkin by product and 20% of a mixture of wheat straw (85%), wheat bran (8%), molasses (5%) and urea (2%). At the last week of each period, milk and feces samples were collected from each cow and DMI was recorded. Digestibility of nutrients was determined using chromium oxide as an external indicator.
Founding: Replacing corn silage with ensiled pumpkin by products at the levels of 30 and 60 % had no significant effect on average milk production, average milk production corrected for 4 % fat, yields of fat, protein, lactose and SNF, percentages milk protein and lactose, SCC, efficiencies of milk and 4% FCM production. However milk fat and SNF percentages were significantly lower in cows receiving ensiled pumpkin than cows receiving corn silage. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE and NDF were not affected by replacing corn silage with ensiled pumpkin at the levels of 30 and 60%, but digestibility of ADF was significantly lower in ensiled pumpkin fed cows.
Overall results of this study showed that ensiled pumpkin without any adverse effect can be replaced with corn silage in the diet of lactating cows.

Ruminant nutrition experts try to increase energy and protein yield by regulation of competence between different rumen bacteria. Essential oils can be used as a feed additive for improvement of feed yield and control of pathogens in animals. According to antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of cinnamon and few research about the effect of cinnamon and it’s essential oil on sheep rumen microbial and fermentation in vivo this experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of essential oil of cinnamon on performance, rumen microbial populations and fermentation and some blood parameters of sheep.
This study carried out using nine male dalagh sheep in a changeover design at three periods of 28 days, 14 days for adaptation and 7 days for sampling. Treatment 1: control (basal diet without essential oil), treatment 2: basal diet 흍 mg/day cinnamon essential oil and treatment 3: basal diet흭 mg/day of cinnamon essential oil. Sampling of rumen fluid was performed to determination of microbial populations and measurement of pH at three stage (before and 4 and 8 hours of morning feeding) on last day of each period. Blood sampling was conducted from the jugular vein in the end of each period. For assessing of cinnamon effect on sheep performance weighting was done on first day of each period and then weekly. Feed intake and feed residue was recorded daily. Data were analyzed by SPSS and mean comparison was done by tukey test.
The addition of cinnamon essential oil didn’t have any significant effect on pH, total bacterial population and lactic acid bacteria. Essential oil of cinnamon decreased rumen protozoa at 8 hour of morning feeding and increased coliform bacteria before morning feeding significantly (P0.05).
In conclusion, the results of this study show that cinnamon essential oil has a potential to alter rumen fermentation pattern although did not effect on performance and blood metabolites.

Background and goal: the objective of this study is to determine the most appropriate time to replacing dairy cows using dynamic programming model in the state of uncertainty of production system. One of the most important management decisions affecting the livestock profitability is timely replacement of dairy cow with young heifers. The base for deciding to replace a dairy cow, which produces several lactation in herd, with a heifer, which have recently passed its first calving and started lactation, is comparing the current value of these two choices. If the expected present value of dairy cow in cattle is less than a heifer we decide to replace. Otherwise, the dairy cow remains in the cattle at least another term to be decided at the beginning of the next period. In probabilistic dynamic programming the direction is in a side which could eventually involve the uncertainties of the analysis in the decision-making process effectively.
using system analysis method, the economic system of cow herd is decomposed to income and expenses components and each of these components were also divided into sub-sections. Then by using mathematical models and MATLAB programming language, the simulation of a bio-economic model was done. The income component including income from selling milk, selling surplus heifers, bull calves and costs including nutrition, management and fixed costs. Management costs also include health care, human resources and reproduction costs which used as input parameters. In order to optimal decision to maintenance or replacement of dairy cows, the probabilistic dynamic programming method was used. The objective function is to maximize net present value in a planning horizon of 10 lactation period. The dairy cow was defined through state variables including lactation period, milk production capacity and different kinds of delay in pregnancy. At each stage, the dairy cows were classified using condition variables including production power in three levels (low, medium and full production) and reproductive performance in 4 levels with a calving interval of 410, 450, 490 and 530 days.
the results showed that for a dairy cow for delays of 40, 80 and 120 days in pregnancy compared with ideal situation of 410 days, economic losses were 3549666.4, 6020255.8 and 10382976.3 Rials respectively. The model results in uncertainty state of production system showed that maintenance of high producing dairy cows until the eighth pregnancy is economic and maintenance of low and average producing dairy cows is not recommended. Optimal life determined by dynamic programming using Markov simulation was 4.75 years and replacement rate was 21%.
in many farms, the annual replacement rate is measured and the percentage of removed cows is determined. If a prospective study is needed to improve removing decisions which can lead to different remove decisions by manufacturers in which to determining optimal time of cow removal we should calculate multiple biological and economic variables at same time. By applying optimal replacement strategy of livestock in addition to achieving more profits we can offer more suitable management patterns to livestock unit managers in order to better deciding which lead to increase productivity in production units.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of Garlic extract on performance )including daily body gain, feed consumption and FCR and some carcass parameters(including hot carcass weight, heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, fad around of kidneys, empty the digestive system, thigh, shoulder) and blood parameters((including Glucose, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL and LDL) of fattening Zel lambs. Essential oils and extracts are relatively new compounds that are used as supplements in animal feed.
In the 14 week experiment (2 weeks adaptation and 12 weeks for main experiment period), 12 lambs were allocated in 3 treatments respectively 0, 125 and 250 ml (of garlic extracts that sprayed on daily feed) of 4 lambs each. All of lambs weighted 2 weeks once at the experiment period. Then data were analyzed with the GLM procedure of SAS and mean of parameters was compared with Duncan’s at P The results showed that in performance parameters daily weight gain was 128, 137 and 146 gr/day, mean of daily feed intake 1.77, 1.83 and 1.87 Kg and feed conversion rate was 15.5, 14.9 and 13.10 in treatments 1, 2 and 3respectively. There was significant difference in daily weight gain between experimental treatments, but the amount of daily feed intake and FCR did not showed significant different. At the end of experiment period, 9 lambs were slaughtered and their carcasses were evaluated. It showed that in carcasses parameters such as mean weight of carcass, heart, liver, 4 compartment stomach, arms, thigh and thigh to carcass ratio had significantly increased but abdominal fat had significantly decrease with increasing use of Garlic extract .In blood parameters of Triglyceride , Glucose, Cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels had significant different. However Cholesterol, HDL and TG was decreased and amount of HDL and Glucose increased.
The results showed that performance parameters and carcass parameters in fatting lambs improved with garlic extract and reduced fat and increased daily weight gain. Also a significant reduction in Cholesterol, LDL and Triglyceride in treatments containing Garlic extract showed that the addition of Garlic extract to the diet was 250 Ml daily.

Breeding the dairy cattle for milk and meat products play an important role in the nutrition of human societies and their economies. Effective performance of this sector, it is necessary to continue operating. The final quality of dairy products is dependent on the quality of raw ingredients. Milk processing depends on physical, chemical properties of milk from the farms. Optimum and maximum daily milk yield will be achieved if properly mastitis control programs and health environment is desirable. Mastitis is one of the most important diseases in the dairy industry that causes widespread losses due to reduced milk production and milk quality, and increased health care costs. Mastitis can be controlled through proper hygiene. In addition, genetic selection can be used to prevent mastitis of cows either directly or indirectly. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of parity, season of calving, months and days in milk recorded on the level of somatic cells also the effect of increasing number of somatic cells on quantity and composition of milk were studied in dairy cows.
The information of 1250 Holstein cows was used from 2010 to 2012. The information was including registration numbers of cows, record date, date of birth, parity, record number of somatic cells, fat and protein percentage. After collecting data, the necessary corrections were made on the data. After correction of 13250 data records of milk production and somatic cell count, 10189 records remained. Fat and protein data contained 7110 records. Outliers in this study contained data from outside the domain of δμ ± 3. To delete outlier data and determine the minimum and maximum of acceptable values for data SAS version 1.9 (2003) and univariate procedure were used.
Based on the results obtained during the study, the average milk yield, average fat and protein production were calculated 37.1, 2.77 and 3.28kg, respectively. The results showed that a high percentage of fat in milk samples of cows with low milk production. With increasing parity, animals are susceptible to the subclinical mastitis disease. The results have indicated a significant effect of season of calving (P In overall, the survey results indicate a significant negative relationship between somatic cell score, with milk yield (P