فصلنامه تحقیقات آفات گیاهی
سال سوم شماره 1 (بهار 1392)

A faunistic study was carried out for identification of raspberry shrubs (Rubus spp.) Prostigmatic mites in central area of Guilan Province, Iran, during 2009-2010. Totally 28 species belong to 26 genera and 17 families were identified. New records for Guilan Province and Iran mite fauna were marked by one and two asterisk respectively. The abundance of Prostigmatic mites was lower than order Mesostigmata but was higher than the other collected orders of mites. The list of identified species according to related family is as follow: Tarsonemidae: Tarsonemus sp.; Raphignathidae: Raphignathus hecmatanaensis Khanjani & Ueckermann, 2003; Stigmaeidae: Stigmaeus pilatus* Kuznetzov, 1978, Zetzellia mali* (Ewing) Summers, 1960; Cunaxidae: Coleoscirus buartus Den Heyer, 1980*, Cunaxoides sp.*; Tetranychidae: Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836, Bryobia rubriculus* (Schenten, 1857), Panonychus citri (McGregor), 1916, Oligonychus bicolor (Banks, 1894); Tydeidae: Tydeus sp., Brachytydeus sp.; Tenuipalpidae: Cenopalpus irani Dosse, 1971, Brevipalpus obovatus Donnadieu, 1875; Anystidae: Anystis wallacei** Otto, 1992, Anystis baccarum (Linneus, 1886); Bdellidae: Spinibdella cronini (Baker and Balock, 1944); Eupalopsellidae: Eupalopsellus trudis**Summers, 1960; Camerobiidae: Neophyllobius sp.*; Siteroptidae: Siteroptes cerealium* (Kirchner, 1864); Cheyletidae: Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans, 1903, Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank, 1781), Cheletomorpha lepidopterorum (Shaw, 1794); Erythraeidae. Erythraeus (Zaracarus) ueckermanni * Saboori et al., 2004, Abrolophus iraninejadi* Saboori & Hajiqanbar, 2005; Trombidiidae: Allotrombium pulvinum Ewing, 1917; Trombiculidae: Neotrombicula (Neotrombicula) near baschkirica** Kudryashova, 1998; Eupodidae: Eupodes sp.*.

Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a polyphagus pest worldwide. It causes severe damage to numerous economically important crops. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to evaluate genetic variation among different populations of Aphis gossypii in some parts of North of Iran. DNA was extracted from individual aphids collected from (3 regions in western Mazandaran and 4 regions in eastern Guilan provinces, North of Iran) and amplified in PCR reactions using eighteen random primers. Random primers produced 275 polymorphic bands, an average of 15.277 informative markers per primer. Genetic identity and distance obtained using Nei’s index (0.824, 0.193 respectively), show a high genetic similarity and a low genetic distance among winged and the wingless groups. Moreover, data analysis revealed a significant genetic diversity within wingless individual aphids rather than winged ones. Individuals were clustered using UPGMA method and Jacard similarity index. They were grouped in five main groups while wingless and winged individuals were distributed in different groups.

One of the most important natural enemies of pests is common green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neu.: Chrysopidae). The side effects of plant extracts from root of madder (Rubia tinctorum L.), seeds of dill (Aniethum graveolens L.) and seeds of Galbanum (Ferula gummosa Boiss.) and thiamethoxam were evaluated on biological parameters of C. carnea as Agonoscena pistaciae predator, at 25± 2, 65± 5% RH and 16:8 (L: D) photoperiod. The first instar larvae were assayed using Potter Spray Tower method. There was a significant effect of thiamethoxam and extracts on first instar larval period and adult.

The insect growth regulators (IGRs) are compounds that interfere with growth physiology, particularly ecdysis and have an effective control against agricultural insect pests. Sublethal concnetrations of an insect growth regulator, pyriproxyfen, were prepared after bracketing test and were treated on last larval instars of Ephestia kuehniella to find their effects on detoxifying enzymes and those involving in intermediary metabolism. Treated larvae by aceton as control and others treated by 5, 15 and 30 µg/ml of pyriproxyfen were randomly choose after 24 and 48 hours post-treatment for enzymatic analysis including general esterases, glutathione S-transferases, acid and alkaline phosphatases, alanine and apartate aminotransferases as well as lactate dehydrogenase. By using α- and β-naphtyl acetate as substrates, activities of general esterases increases along with increasing of pyriproxyfen concentrations in both time intervals. Similar results were obtained regarding GSTs by using CDNB and DCNB. The lowest and the highest acid and alkaline phosphatses activities were found in control and treated larvae by 30 µg/ml of pyriproxyfen. Similar results were observed in case of alanine- and aspartate aminotransferase as well as lactate dehydrogenase. These results demonstrate that higher concentrations of pyriproxyfen increased activities of detoxifying enzymes to decrease effect of pesticide on larval physiological processes but pyriproxyfen statistically intervene in activities of enzymes involved in intermediary metabolism of E. kuehniella.

Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is one of the most serious pests of citrus in the world. In addition to its direct feeding damage, it is as a vector of the greening disease pathogen, Huanglongbing. In order to effective management of this pest, study of its potential geographical distribution is needed. In this study, the ecological niche modeling (based on the 23 occurrence localities) was used to predict the potential geographical distribution and the key factors affecting the potential distribution of the D. citri in Iran, using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) related softwares. The results showed that the main suitable areas for D. citri distribution are restricted to South Kerman, Southeast Fars, Central and Eastern Hormozgan, and also Central Sistan-Bluchestan (West to East). Moreover, some areas are less suitable (Boshehr and Khozestan provinces) and unsuitable (North Iran). The arid climate with moderate winter as well as very warm summer was identified as the most suitable climate for D. citri distribution. Based on the jackknife test, the annual temperature range has the most effective role in the D. citri distribution modeling. The Area Under Curve (AUC) was 0.988 indicating a perfect prediction.

Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) is one of the most destructive pests in the world. This pest is an internal and external quarantine pest in Iran which was seen again after 20 years in Mazandaran province. Accurate survey is the first step for its management. This survey was carried out along 150 km of Caspian Sea coast during 2008-2012 at citrus orchards from east of Guilan (Chaboksar, Kelachay, Rudsar and Langerud) to west of Mazandaran (Ramsar, Tonekabon and Chaloos) provinces. McPhail traps baited with Ceratap attractant and Jackson traps baited with trimedlure were used to monitor the population dynamics in citrus orchards. The traps were checked weekly and number of flies and infested areas in each city were separately recorded. The results indicated that the fly was active in Tonekabon and Chaloos in 2008 and Ramsar in 2009 in the east part of Mazandaran province. In 2010, it was captured from Chaboksar and in 2011 with a drastic movement was distributed in entire parts of eastern Guilan province. Study on pest population density showed that the fly density in Tonekabon and Chaloos which were previously infected was higher in Rudsar and Langerud. The population dynamics of the Mediterranean fruit fly showed a single peak in the autumn of each year.

In study on parasitoid wasps of stored food product pests and host distribution at eastern part of Golestan Province in 2010, totally 7 species belonging 5 Family on 10 stored food products collected and identified as bellow: Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard, 1881) (Pteromalidae) Anisopteromalus mollis Ruschka, 1912 (Pteromalidae) Cephalonomia tarsalis (Ashmead, 1893) (Bethylidae) Cephalonomia waterstoni (Gahan, 1931) (Bethylidae) Habrobracon hebetor (Say, 1836) (Braconidae) Theocolax elegans (Westwood, 1874) (Pteromalidae) Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst, 1829) (Ichneumonidae)