مجله ارتقای ایمنی و پیشگیری از مصدومیت ها
سال سوم شماره 3 (پاییز 1394)

Children due to their small size and insufficient mental and physical abilities, are not able to defend themselves against accident, therefore childhood is the riskiest period of life. Different factors affect accidents occurrence and damages caused by them. The aim of present study was to assess knowledge and attitudes of parents regarding how to keep children in private cars. This was a cross-sectional descriptive analytical study with easy sampling method which was performed during summer of 2013 on 170 personnel of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All participants signed an informed consent form, and then they received two questionnaires regarding demographic information and knowledge & attitude. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 16, using descriptive statistical tests, chi square and Mann Whitney tests. Knowledge of parents regarding how to carry children in private cars was in medium level and their attitude was weak. Gender did not affect knowledge and attitude level significantly (p>0.005). Since knowledge level of parents was at medium level and their attitude was weak, researchers recommend performing educational classes to introduce parents with accidents and traffic dangers especially how to carry children in privet cars to improve children safety.

Bioaerosols are related to a wide range of health effects including infectious and contagious diseases, acute toxic effects, allergies and even cancer. From this perspective, the hospital environment can cause secondary problems for the patients and hospital visitors. The purpose of this study is Survey of Fungi Bioaerosols with the approach of compare two passive and active sampling methods in ICU ward of Taleghani Hospital in Tehran. This is a field - cross – sectional study; the sampling carried out by active and passive methods in two stages of the morning and afternoon and on the Sabrodextrose agar medium. Sampling height was in 120 cm above the floor, with flow 35.5 liters per minute and retention time of 10 minutes. In addition, the effect of environmental factors such as temperature and humidity were studied. in view of number of fungi colonies in different turns with passive sampling method, 75% of measurement places were in B level (clean level) of EU GMP standard (European Medicine Agency); and in compared to passive sampling method of bioaerosols, 80% of stations were in C level (medium) of EU GMP standard. Results showed that sensitivity and precision of active sampling method in comparison with passive method, is higher. By comparing the results with the standards, more sampling stations was determined, in terms of the level of contamination, were in good and acceptable conditions and Small number of areas, need to have more proper ventilation. Ventilation using mechanical system can play an important role in improving the quality of the air in hospital environments.

Toluene is one of the most contaminations in the industries such as petrochemicals and painting. This compound are known with toxic effect on the respiratory and nervous system. Adsorption of solvents in a suitable bed is an effective controlling method for volatile components. Adsorption have been evaluated in the fixed and fluidized bed. The goal of this study is investigation of toluene vapors adsorption on a fixed and fluidized bed of Nano-zeolite Y. Dynamic concentration of toluene vapors in the range of 30-100 ppm were obtained which stable flow of toluene vapors was generated. Toluene vapors adsorption with 2 g of Nano- zeolite Y was assessed by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector. Various parameters such as type of bed, air flow rate for bed fluidization, and toluene absorption capacity was investigated. Size of zeolite Y particle was estimated 154/34 ± 8/59 nm by scanning electron microscopy. Dynamic adsorption of toluene in the concentration of 30-100 ppm was saturated in the time of 40-50 min by 2 g Nano-zeolite Y. The results show flow rate of 3 L/min provide suitable flow for bed fluidization. Toluene vapors adsorption in the fluidized bed was higher than the fixed bed. Adsorption capacity of fixed and fluidized bed for 100 g of Nano-zeolite Y was evaluated 45/45 and 62/65 mg, respectively. Smaller particle size increased the adsorption level but adhesion of particles in the fixed bed reduce the adsorption efficiency. In the fluidized bed, due to air flow, adhesion of nanoparticles was reduced and the adsorption of toluene vapors have been increased. It can be concluded that fluidized bed of Nano-particles adsorption is better than fixed bed.

Road traffic injuries (RTIs) as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality are known all over the world. This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiology of fatal RTIs in the Sistan and Baluchistan province. This study was a cross-sectional study using data gathered by Forensic Medicine Organization for who had a fatal traffic accident in Sistan and Baluchistan province of Iran in 2011. Means and proportions were used as descriptive measures. Association between categorical variables was assessed using Chi Square test. STATA 11 software was used for data analysis. Overall, of fatal RTIs 78.7% were males and 21.3% were women. The mean age of the patients entered into the study was (30.19±16.9).The ultimate cause of death in people died as a result of RTIs was head and face trauma. There was a significant association between location of death (prehospital and hospital) and crash site location (inner or outer city crashes) (p=0.0001). This study showed that men are more killed in RTIs and are often at a younger age. The rate of road traffic injury and mortality is high and appropriate policy making and management for implementing immediate and effective programs for prevention of theses road traffic accidents is of high priority for safety promotion in the country.

Accidents prevention and protecting of human capital as the main element in the development of any country is important. This study aimed to use the best available techniques for identifying hazards and assessing risks, in lodge to improve safety, bring down accidents and costs and save time. To identify hazards, a documentation review was used, interviews with experts, brainstorming sessions, knowledge and experience group of experts in occupational health and safety engineering were employed. Finally the risks were ranked and compared based on using the degree of Belief approach in Fuzzy logic and Analytical Hierarchy Process methods. In the present survey, among of the 11 instances of identifying hazards, explosion and fire gas turbines and bust steam pipes under pressure ranked in the first spot and drop down in tanks reservoirs and canals had second place. It was also noted that the effect of the two methods used in this study, are together compatible and consistent. Using the Fuzzy Logic with Multi Criteria Decision Making techniques such as AHP are providing appropriate and complementary approach to identify priorities in the safety control system. In fact, when the decision-makers agree in determining the adjusted data, using these two independent methods will follow the same results in the risk rating.

Road traffic injuries (RTIs) compromise a large quantity of peoples annually, and are one of the most important causes of death in Iran. Human factors are amongst of the most leading causes of traffic accident mortality and morbidity. This study was conducted to evaluate the Knowledge, Attitude and practice of motorcyclist drivers regarding driving laws in Kashan. Two hundred drivers were selected randomly in this cross sectional study. Cluster sampling with 10 participants in each cluster was used for selection of participants. 20 points were defined using a random sample of telephone numbers. Distribution points were such as one point selected in each zone of municipality zones. Ten consecutive drivers passing the specified point were interviewed by an interviewer and a senior officer of Traffic Control Organization of Kashan was responsible for assessment of practices. Reliability of questionnaire was evaluated using alpha Cronbach coefficient and construct validity was assessed by Principal component Analysis method. Chi square and odds ratio (OR) and logistic regression were used for assessment of relation between variables, when appropriate. Two hundred drivers were recruited in this study. Suitable Knowledge, Attitude and practice were seen in 57.8, 56.1 and 44.4 percent of respondents respectively. Related knowledge, attitude and performance drivers of road rules are not a statistically significant relationship. However, the relationship between drivers’ attitude and performance on this issue statistically was significant (p<0.01). Drivers’ performance differences in terms of age, occupation and motorcycle license is statistically significant (p<0.05). We conclude that practice of Motorcyclist drivers of Kashan are weak regarding traffic laws and there is an emergent need for research and intervention in this regard.

Occupational consequences and their effects on health and healthcare workers have been examined in many studies. Occupational burnout is affected by quality of life and it can be produced by long term exposures to occupational stress. The aim of this study was to determine the association between occupational burnout and quality of life among healthcare workers. This study was conducted among 80 subjects of healthcare workers of Kamyaran city in three occupational groups. Data on quality of life and occupational burn-out was collected using SF-12 and standard Geldard (GBI)questionnaires, respectively. In general, 55, 18.75 and 26.25 percent of personnel were employed in health, Nursing-Obstetric and Administrative-Services groups, respectively. Good, moderate and poor quality of life was seen in 33.75, 60 and 6.25 percent of employees, respectively. While only 22.5 percent of workers were not exposed to occupational burnout, 77.5 percent of them suffered from mild condition of this disorder. The Correlation between occupational burn-out as well quality of life with demographic characteristics was not significant. A reverse and statistical significant correlation was found between quality of life and occupational burnout (P˂0.001). Considering the reverse and significant association between occupational burn-out and quality of life, this disorder and reduction of productivity can be prevented by improving the quality of life of employees in different ways.

Nowadays, with the progress and development, challenge of accidents occurrence is steadily increasing. Prediction, prevention and control of accidents are required of on time investigation, analysis and implementation of necessary control measures. Therefore, this study aimed to analysis of registered accidents in 18 database of a Disaster and Emergency Medical Management Center (DEMMC) was conducted This cross sectional study was conducted based on accidents that recorded in during a year (from Sep 2013 to Sep 2014) in 18 database of a DEMMC. According to the objectives of the study, data required were extracted from electronic records and, were entered into forms designed in Access programs, then using the 18 SPSS were analyzed. In the interval a year, a total of 10,440 and average of 870 ± 128 people per month have been experienced an accident, so that, 60.93% men and 31.65% were women. The highest and lowest occurrence of accident related to the age groups 20 to 29 years (25.83%) and less than 10 years (3.23%), respectively. Ratio people that suffered in non-vehicle accidents (59%) to vehicle accidents (41%) was 1.4 fold, while mortality ratio in the non-vehicle accidents to vehicle accidents was 7.4 fold. 66.99% of people after the accident were hospitalized. September (11.17%) had highest accident occurrence in during the year. The greatest accidents involving vehicles, while accidents related to neurological and cardiovascular have the highest frequency among non-vehicle accidents, respectively. Prevention and significantly reduction the life and financial losses resulting from the accidents in the country, because of the great variety of types and causes of them, need to a comprehensive and national program of accident prevention and reducing damage of them. In addition, Creating a comprehensive and specific database of vehicles and non- vehicles accidents of all country can have an important role in prediction, prevention and control of accident.

Generally an accident occurs is an emerging situation. Studies show that the main cause of death in children in the first 5 years of life are accidents worldwide. More than 95 percent of injuries in children occur in low and middle incomes countries. These studies aimed to assess the predictive behavioral structures referred to health centers in the city of Khorramabad on preventive behaviors in children have been accidents. This was a cross-sectional study on 261 mothers of children less than 5 years in the city of Khorramabad. Data collection was carried out with an instrument based on HBM reliable and validity. The data were analyzed by the software SPSS and regression multivariable for prediction of construct HBM. The mean scores of knowledge mothers 53/58, perceived barriers 61/51, self-efficacy 69/14. Structures predicted in this study, perceived barriers, and self-awareness, respectively. These variables, linear regression analysis revealed a total of 20% (R2=0/202) were predictive of behavioral change. Results confirmed that parental education should be focused on perceived barrier, selfefficacy and knowledge to prevent injuries and their consequences among children.