فصلنامه نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 10، تابستان 1394)

New telecommunications technologies as newest and most complicated part of electronic communications technologies، because of invisibility of flows and little dependence on physical place، have a unique nature comparing with other types of communications، especially transportation. In fact، these technologies provide transmission of information – as the most important factor in the new global economy- and capital in an unbelievable speed – almost the speed of light- by electronic networks like optic fibers and wireless systems، regardless of physical and geographical features. Therefore، it seems that the development of these communication technologies in today’s urban life may cause completely new changes. These changes may influence all economic، social، physical and spatial aspects and finally، shape the future of urban and regional life. Concentrating on spatial and geographical aspect، there are some notable researches، especially castells’ works on informational society، who has developed the theory of “space of flows” as the dominant logic of new geography in contrast with the “space of places”. He argues that an important part of these flows is bidirectional electronic communications. Now، based on this theory، the key question is that what are the main impacts of this dominant and the development of new telecommunications technologies on the spatial structure of the metropolitan areas? And what could be the future of metropolitan spatial structure? In this case، some argued that the development of this placeless and timeless kind of communication technologies leads to significant decrease in place and time constraints in inter-regional relations. This trend results in increasing functional relationships between metropolitan areas and so، blurring these area’s boundaries. Eventually، these areas integrate into one great spatial unit، named as “mega city-region”. In this research، we aim to examine the hypothesis of formation and evolution of “mega city-region” in Japan as one of the most important hubs of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the world، based on trend-analysis strategy and the canonical correlation method between transportation and telecommunications indicators In order to explore some of the new telecommunications technologies’ impact on the spatial structure of the metropolitan areas. The results indicate that there is a direct relationship between telecommunications and transportation. This relation not only shows a trend contrasts with usual expectations، which thinks that the telecommunications and virtual spaces can reduce the demand for spatial mobility and it’s infrastructures- but also means that the simultaneous increase in inter-regional functional relations (both electronic and physical communications) between Tokyo، Osaka and Nagoya metropolitan areas. Following this، with developing the functional integration between these areas، the distinction of previous boundaries has been faced with many difficulties. Therefore، this situation can cause to the rise of Japanese Mega city-region، named as “TOKAIDO” the greatest spatial unit in the hurt of japan. This fact may signify the rising of new possible changes in the future of urban and regional spatial structure and provide a situation in which، the current urban planning and management methods -based on industrial age spatial principals- face with many challenges. So، the restructuring of urban policy and planning in the information age may be inevitable. This relation not only shows a trend contrasts with usual expectations، which thinks that the telecommunications and virtual spaces can reduce the demand for spatial mobility and it’s infrastructures- but also means that the simultaneous increase in inter-regional functional relations (both electronic and physical communications) between Tokyo، Osaka and Nagoya metropolitan areas. Following this، with developing the functional integration between these areas، the distinction of previous boundaries has been faced with many difficulties. Therefore، this situation can cause to the rise of Japanese Mega city-region، named as “TOKAIDO” the greatest spatial unit in the hurt of japan. This fact may signify the rising of new possible changes in the future of urban and regional spatial structure and provide a situation in which، the current urban planning and management methods -based on industrial age spatial principals- face with many challenges. So، the restructuring of urban policy and planning in the information age may be inevitable. This fact may signify the rising of new possible changes in the future of urban and regional spatial structure andprovide a situation in which، the current urban planning and management methods -based on industrial age spatial principals- face with many challenges. So، the restructuring of urban policy and planning in the information age may be inevitable. This relation not only shows a trend contrasts with usual expectations، which thinks that the telecommunications and virtual spaces can reduce the demand for spatial mobility and it’s infrastructures- but also means that the simultaneous increase in inter-regional functional relations (both electronic and physical communications) between Tokyo، Osaka and Nagoya metropolitan areas. Following this، with developing the functional integration between these areas، the distinction of previous boundaries has been faced with many difficulties. Therefore، this situation can cause to the rise of Japanese Mega city-region، named as “TOKAIDO” the greatest spatial unit in the hurt of japan. This fact may signify the rising of new possible changes in the future of urban and regional spatial structure and provide a situation in which، the current urban planning and management methods -based on industrial age spatial principals- face with many challenges. So، the restructuring of urban policy and planning in the information age may be inevitable

Designing complex subway station and mixing them with crisis management provides an opportunity to understand multi-functional of station spaces. This article seeks to reduce vulnerabilities in the analysis subway stations measures to be considered as temporary accommodation in an emergencies and provide a safe space research questions inclusive weather do you have ability to the performance is also، in addition to its roles as station for transport and cultural and commercial complex; in critical condition become to temporary housing? Or what factors effect on flexibility of architectural complex subway? We have very good station complex in our country. A station complex itself consists of several levels of services areas include entertainment and office. This type of sorting and spatial layout is designed based on the needs. But in this paper we discussed bout benefits of this wide space and advantages of all the facilities and equipment in emergencies. Developing countries، including Iran، in addition to being more prone to accidents and natural disasters than other communities، total human casualties and property damage in case of accident these communities are heavier. To prevent the occurrence، planning to rescue damaged area and temporary accommodation، all communities need new Disaster Management. In the present study we have tried through a multi-functional and flexible design، the central station with the highest integrity economic، social and environmental be prepared to deal with the sudden crises. Despite the unexpected event and the space subway stations is located in the basement created a good spaces for sheltering people affected. Theoretical Framework of research was formed on professional background. Description of the research subjects are used to identify a type of descriptive research. They checked through classified questions by the nature of the condition or a relationship between phenomena. This study uses for recognition of flexible spaces with different activities، after studying previous research، analysis and identification of deficiencies and issues that the extent of the subject matter. Factors were identified and then among them some of the most important factors affecting the enhanced versatility stations and related elements are removed and in the form of a questionnaire was developed. Considering that the present selective approach of the Delphi Survey. These questionnaires gave to professionals and experts in related field to examine their views on this issue answered questions. At the end of the questionnaire they provided the new classification according to their own idea. The thirteen components shaped on the form of a questionnaire. The flexibility of components and elements were created in the form of a table، then each component is associated with a short description and an example and then its influence were examined on the subway stations the fifty questionnaires were prepared and given to fifty experts. After one week about forty persons answered. Finally through analyzing these answers with the software SPSS defined two factors (Adaptation) and (Convertible) have the most effect on multi-functional design. Discuss about flexible architecture used in most developing countries. Use the subway as one of the most important infra structure of transport industry. And different countries follow the various purposes about construction and expansion of the system based on their political and socio-economic strategy and structure. In this research، urban transportation industry used toward protection، facilitating crisis management and reduce potential vulnerabilities and providing satisfaction in critical and noncritical periods. Following the development of the industry in the transportation and services the most of countries used of subway station as space towards temporary accommodation with the aim of maintaining and relief protection. On the other، stations being able to protect of people and providing essential supplies for certain time periods at a critical time. These information is done based on limited studies are available. One of deficiency in new architecture is lack of planning toward multi-purpose use. In the other word we can use from the facilities and equipment for temporary accommodation. Becausepeople take refuge the subway station unconsciously، In this regard in many countries subway stations is used as a shelter space. The main issue in this research is multi-functional and flexible design for example station while there are main function and accessories (transportation and provide daily needs)، another function will have to meet the needs of citizens in a secure environment. These views with the aim of identify a plan to solve the unpredictable problems and issues in organization critical and methods to reduce the vulnerability of disaster، including recognition of the six stages of crisis management planning. Planning، forecasting، equipment، coordination، implementation، analysis، documentation and temporary accommodation، and how to solve the crisis management in 3 section including of identification، decision and evaluation of temporary emergency measures and consequence of after crisis، including the reconstruction in low-risk areas، construction of building according to the rules of retrofitting and flexible designing of the building and cities in the faces of crisis. Multi-purpose in architecture while has many advantages، there is a little attention has been paid. The research studies began with introduction includes the purpose and expanse of information about the main problem of the research. After classifying articles، books and theses and noted the main provisions of the existing theories، the case study was cleared. This research began with the most general resources and ended with the most relevant resources. A review of existing knowledge and to clarify the deficiencies found the concepts to understood multi-purpose architecture. After classifying component based on the measure of affectively، these components were described. These categories gave to the expert. In this time adaptation was priority. In the other word the flexible space will have greater flexibility and create the space، that provide needs of travelers and transport، facilities، crisis management، reducing vulnerabilities and satisfaction while helping temporary accommodation. In according to assumption of this research، if complex station designed multi-purpose and considerate required spaces for critical conditions can be held accountable as a temporary accommodation and components such as versatility and consistent spatial have a high impact on flexibility of architectural complexes.

In the last decades of the 20th century، primarily economic crises -caused by security challenges in supplying energy – and many years later، understanding environmental damages due to improper use of energy، sounded the alarms for scientists، planners and governments. Since the building sector owns a large share in total energy use، it has always been in the focal point of attentions. Consequently، national regulation established to reduce energy consumption and environmental concerns and climate aligned construction became the source of inspiration in architecture and the term ‘sustainable architecture’ was coined. Energy conscious architecture encompasses different aspects and a variety of strategies، ranging from conservation in energy use to applying renewable resources of energy. Regardless of the level of technology in a building، the sun can play an effective role in the energy generation/consumption balance. The cities are growing vertically and the façades have found an undeniable importance for solar energy harvesting in buildings. Integrating solar energy devices with building elements such as walls or roofs، increases the homogeneity of the architecture and improves the overall efficiency of building regarding its life-cycle.

Architectural Survey in recent decades shows that the modern architecture has not been considered compatible with climatic conditions and it not only causes Environmental pollution but also increases cooling and heating costs. Nowadays architects are looking for appropriate solutions to design buildings that can be in harmony with their environment and climate. As there are different seasons and days in each climate, so designing building system that can vary with ambient conditions seems necessary. Since the sunlight is one of the most important and effective climate factors in indoor conditions, in order to control of heat and light in the window, author got the basic idea from the shadow of a cup of tea. If the colored liquid is injected between double glazed windows, light passing through the window will reduce a lot. Variable Building Layers System (V.B.L.S) is an innovative design that has been patented by the author and can control heat transfer in buildings and improve thermal comfort.The system has been designed based on the basic idea after some trial and error and includes three main components: transparent layers, color tanks, pump and control valve. Its transparent layers can be made of tempered glass or Plexiglas that both of them are separated by a spacer. The way it works is that colored liquid is injected into layers through the pump. The system has the ability to change transparency in less than an hour and make one way vision glass, if necessary. Laboratory samples of this design were built during the 8 stages of the process which includes: -1 Controlling light passing through the window by colored liquid, -2 Controlling light passing through the window by various colors, -3 Controlling window visibility and transparency, -4 Creating various colors by mixing primary colors, -5 The ability to use the idea for walls: Using window idea in designing internal walls and Using window idea in designing external walls, -6 The ability to paint a wall with various colors, -7 The ability to move the location of thermal insulation, 8. The ability to control the system by a computer. In this paper, Variable Building Layers System is explained and discussed in detail as it is used for windows and walls. Three transparent layers that is injected colored liquid between them will create variable properties in windows and walls. The main objective was to achieve maximum variability in building walls and it was assumed that changing colors will decrease or increase the light passing through layers, so in order to prove this hypothesis, experiments were performed. Due to different absorption and passing light from various colors their shadow had a different temperature.

Architectural Survey in recent decades shows that the modern architecture has not been considered compatible with climatic conditions and it not only causes Environmental pollution but also increases cooling and heating costs. Nowadays architects are looking for appropriate solutions to design buildings that can be in harmony with their environment and climate. As there are different seasons and days in each climate، so designing building system that can vary with ambient conditions seems necessary. Since the sunlight is one of the most important and effective climate factors in indoor conditions، in order to control of heat and light in the window، author got the basic idea from the shadow of a cup of tea. If the colored liquid is injected between double glazed windows، light passing through the window will reduce a lot. Variable Building Layers System (V. B. L. S) is an innovative design that has been patented by the author and can control heat transfer in buildings and improve thermal comfort. The system has been designed based on the basic idea after some trial and error and includes three main components: transparent layers، color tanks، pump and control valve. Its transparent layers can be made of tempered glass or Plexiglas that both of them are separated by a spacer. The way it works is that colored liquid is injected into layers through the pump. The system has the ability to change transparency in less than an hour and make one way vision glass، if necessary. Laboratory samples of this design were built during the 8 stages of the process which includes: -1 Controlling light passing through the window by colored liquid، -2 Controlling light passing through the window by various colors، -3 Controlling window visibility and transparency، -4 Creating various colors by mixing primary colors، -5 The ability to use the idea for walls: Using window idea in designing internal walls and Using window idea in designing external walls، -6 The ability to paint a wall with various colors، -7 The ability to move the location of thermal insulation، 8. The ability to control the system by a computer. In this paper، Variable Building Layers System is explained and discussed in detail as it is used for windows and walls. Three transparent layers that is injected colored liquid between them will create variable properties in windows and walls. The main objective was to achieve maximum variability in building walls and it was assumed that changing colors will decrease or increase the light passing through layers، so in order to prove this hypothesis، experiments were performed. Due to different absorption and passing light from various colors their shadow had a different temperature. The main advantage is that these layers vary based on outside conditions by controlling sunlight and heat daily. The external walls was also added a tank of argon gas (as a thermal insulation) to reduce temperature swing inside the building. These layers can achieve benefits such as varying color and transparency، and control the amount of light passing through them، decreasing or increasing the heat capacity، and also moving the location of thermal insulation manually or automatically by computer. Using various colors in windows and walls will provide different thermal and psychological effects on occupants. Opacity or transparency of these layers can provide appropriate view and sunlight because it is possible to make part of the layer opaque and also to allow daylight to pass through from transparent part. It also creates less design limitations for architects. As bright colors reflect sunlight much more than dark colors، so changing color of façade can increase or decrease absorption of solar energy and reduce heating and cooling energy consumption. Based on Johannes Itten’s Color theory، it can make you feel 3 to 4 degrees centigrade warmer or cooler by selecting warm color for winter and cool color for summer without using energy. Each climate requires walls with different heat capacity but in this system it is possible to adjust the heat capacity with indoor temperature. Heat capacity of water is more than air so if the middle layer of the wall fills with water، temperature swing will decrease and also with reducing water level and replacing air، heat capacity will become less. In these walls، thermal insulation can be inside or outside of the walleither manually or automatically by a computer daily. In temporary-use buildings heat is removed after passing through the thermal insulation but it is possible to change location of the insulation towards outside after passing heat and it is not allowed to remove. To sum up، Heat capacity and thermal insulation can vary in every climate based on different seasons that leads to reduce indoor temperature swing. Noting that the heat transfer occurs in the building by three methods، changing layers can make different thermal resistance. As thermal conductivity of water and air and argon is respectively less than the other، heat transfer by conduction and convection depends on what matter and what height layers is filled. Glass walls are able to allow sunlight to enter rooms in the winter (if heating is needed) that absorb and store sun’s warmth and so radiation heat transfer causes a reduction in heating. Another advantage of this system is that external and internal walls are respectively up to 10 centimeters and 3 to 5 centimeters in thickness and so reduced thickness of walls leads to increase surface area and volume of the building. Wall thickness reduction compared to the same walls is noticeable because of reducing weights of building materials. Therefore it will decrease building subsidence and increase earthquake resistance of the building. As previously mentioned glass layers will provide natural light and suitable perspective and even if walls need to clean، these layers will allow washing. According to descriptions، Variable Building Layers System can be use in many buildings such as houses، offices، greenhouse، museums، galleries، libraries and etc.، because of varying color of walls، controlling heat and light and moving thermal insulation and generally compatible with each climate.

Taking advantage of geometry has been always a current base in Iranian traditional architecture for accommodate survey among form، stability and coordination. Recognition of components’ geometrical behavior along organic union making’s direction among skeleton، space and background systems causes integrated feedback formation among effective elements in collection’s stability. Based on existing geometrical limitations in their structures and coordination، Iranian girih as modular units are capable of developing in x and y axes by considering visual values and actionable efficiency. According to controlled process of Iranian girih s’ structure in mentioned axes، transferring this discipline in z axis for -3dimensional action’s maintenance of structure collection is also discussed. So، firstly current article has considered usage method of girih geometry productive parameters by Grasshopper graphical coding software، and then resulting collection of various forms from girih geometry is introduced as a population of analyzable genes by genetic algorithm method. Thereby، supports’ optimized location is developed by -3dimentional action among components for reaching an efficient form of girih’s geometry. Adapted to survey، prevalent population of introduced genes collections is selected after simultaneously analysis of form and mechanism by Karamba addition and the most optimized status of supports’ location is selected in circumstances that structure’s components has the minimum stress. Then، the optimized state and organized sample in supports’ location are considered to explore about resulting behavior in both states toward load transferring to case foundation. According to this study results، it can be concluded that by defining certain legislations، geographical mechanism of Iranian girih causes an integrated behavior’s controlling and multi-dimensional action among quality parameters such as cladding structures’ designing and quantity parameters such as proper behavior toward forces. This coordinating feedback between architecture and structure in supports’ optimized location which results from genetic algorithm method، decreases stress in structures’ components and also maximizes structure’s stability besides economic advantage in used materials. So، firstly current article has considered usage method of girih geometry productive parameters by Grasshopper graphical coding software، and then resulting collection of various forms from girih geometry is introduced as a population of analyzable genes by genetic algorithm method. Thereby، supports’ optimized location is developed by -3dimentional action among components for reaching an efficient form of girih’s geometry. Adapted to survey، prevalent population of introduced genes collections is selected after simultaneously analysis of form and mechanism by Karamba addition and the most optimized status of supports’ location is selected in circumstances that structure’s components has the minimum stress. Then، the optimized state and organized sample in supports’ location are considered to explore about resulting behavior in both states toward load transferring to case foundation. According to this study results، it can be concluded that by defining certain legislations، geographical mechanism of Iranian girih causes an integrated behavior’s controlling and multi-dimensional action among quality parameters such as cladding structures’ designing and quantity parameters such as proper behavior toward forces. Based on existing geometrical limitations in their structures and coordination، Iranian girih as modular units are capable of developing in x and y axes by considering visual values and actionable efficiency. According to controlled process of Iranian girih s’ structure in mentioned axes، transferring this discipline in z axis for -3dimensional action’s maintenance of structure collection is also discussed. So، firstly current article has considered usage method of girih geometry productive parameters by Grasshopper graphical coding software، and then resulting collection of various forms from girih geometry is introduced as a population of analyzable genes by genetic algorithm method. Thereby، supports’ optimized location is developed by -3dimentional action among components for reaching an efficient form of girih’sgeometry. Adapted to survey، prevalent population of introduced genes collections is selected after simultaneously analysis of form and mechanism by Karamba addition and the most optimized status of supports’ location is selected in circumstances that structure’s components has the minimum stress. Then، the optimized state and organized sample in supports’ location are considered to explore about resulting behavior in both states toward load transferring to case foundation. According to controlled process of Iranian girih s’ structure in mentioned axes، transferring this discipline in z axis for -3dimensional action’s maintenance of structure collection is also discussed. So، firstly current article has considered usage method of girih geometry productive parameters by Grasshopper graphical coding software، and then resulting collection of various forms from girih geometry is introduced as a population of analyzable genes by genetic algorithm method. Thereby، supports’ optimized location is developed by -3dimentional action among components for reaching an efficient form of girih’s geometry. Adapted to survey، prevalent population of introduced genes collections is selected after simultaneously analysis of form and mechanism by Karamba addition and the most optimized status of supports’ location is selected in circumstances that structure’s components has the minimum stress. Then، the optimized state and organized sample in supports’ location are considered to explore about resulting behavior in both states toward load transferring to case foundation. According to controlled process of Iranian girih s’ structure in mentioned axes، transferring this discipline in z axis for -3dimensional action’s maintenance of structure collection is also discussed. So، firstly current article has considered usage method of girih geometry productive parameters by Grasshopper graphical coding software، and then resulting collection of various forms from girih geometry is introduced as a population of analyzable genes by genetic algorithm method. Thereby، supports’ optimized location is developed by -3dimentional action among components.

Dual skin facade is an architectural concept originally intended for office buildings and indeed considered and implemented extensively. The façade to the building actually is a skin، but consist of two layers (the internal and external) which could be out of different glass types، they are separated by in-between air-gap and it is capable of air ventilation. The external skin protects the building not only against the climate hazards، but also can reduce noise pollutions significantly. The residents could take advantage of adjustable windows regardless of the element types such as wind and gust، the adverse effect of direct sunlight (glare)، the environmental pollutions، and so on. Shading mechanisms allow the inner rooms of the building to benefit from an indirect sunlight while reducing the load on HVAC in cooling downthe building in summers. Dual skin facades function as a heat conserver in cold climates in a way that stores the radiated energy in the air-gap whose temperature is almost made equal to the one of the temperature inside the building. In addition to providing the needed light within، indeed the external glass of the dual skin systems is capable of absorbing the light and storing heat in the winter، also induces natural ventilations in the summer to reduce the same sun light related heat. This is how the dual skin system helps in reduction of the heating and air conditioning load also with the internal air quality. Tolerance of the temperature above 24 degree Celsius in the buildings without natural air condition such as closed HVAC is difficult. While in buildings with natural air conditions the temperatures of even above 27 degree Celsius is pleasant. This reduces the energy consumption in the building. Therefore in this paper while studying the methods of using this system in hot arid climates، for the purpose of taking advantage، analysis and optimization of natural ventilation of double skin facade as one of the most important factor in hot and dry climates are considered. The layers to dual skin façade include the External Skin، the Internal Skin، and the air-gap in between the two. The External Skin (Façade): Generally it is a singular toughened glass، and the external skin could bemade completely out of it. The Internal Skin (Façade): They are thermal insulating double pane glasses and could be made completely out of glass. Varieties of solar glasses could be applied. The in-between the Two Glasses Air-gap: The air-gap could be ventilated completely natural or mechanical. The air-gap width varies anything from 20cm to 2 meters thick، and it could be effective when applied as a support. The windows are users accessed to allow ventilation; also the shading could be consolidated and controlled by an automated system within the air-gap. Plans for the Direction of Air Current There are three suggested air ventilation plans in construction of a façade: To ventilate inward (Type A): The air tends to drift away from within the building to the air-gap، and the fresh air to the facility is replaced from outside. The air in the A type flows outward from the rooms، enters the air-gap and continues to move passing above the rollers to the awnings. In some designs، the air is guided out or through the duct is returned to central heating or A/C systems of the building. Ventilation Combo (Type B & C): The air is guided outward through the air-gap or vice versa. In cold climates، the B & C types can have a pre heating effect on the air before it enters the rooms. The ventilation system of A، B، & C are mechanical and they could be implemented in conjunction with the HVAC system of the building. The air is ventilated out of the building (Type D): The fresh air from outside is guided inward through the air-gap and then it is ventilated outside. The D type as a breather to the dual skin façade is implemented along with natural ventilation mechanism. The system may allow the fresh air inward through open windows and when closed may function as a thermal insulator providing a suitable thermal stability. With reference to the conducted research and with consideration to the contributing parameters، the numerical analysis of natural ventilation in dual skin façades is as follows: In order to achieve the most optimum performance of the dual skin façades in hot and arid climate considering the suggested specifications، for natural ventilation in the said type of climate، a dual skin façade sample is designed. The numerical analysis of the sample design generated by GAMBIT and FLUENT with which the numerical analysis of the dual skin façade is conducted. The intended case study is an imaginary 3 story high building in which there is a single room allocated to each floor. The allocated air-gap size of the dual skin façade is 50cm. There is a window to each floor allocated to both the inner and the outer skin with variable dimensions of 0. 6، 0. 4، and 1. 0 meters. The current case study is analyzed in hot and dry climate of Kerman city located on 38 ’17 ○30” N. Latitude and 3 ’5 ○57” E. Longitude. As a result، the numerical output of this software show that the two-shelled buildings help to taking advantage of natural ventilation and improve indoor air quality and it will be more effective in order to reduce the use of air conditioning systems and to achieve a comfortable temperature. Dual skin façades are utilized in office building a lot and looking back at the conducted research and considering numerous applications of the said façades is ever more advantages for using the elements such as weather، and specifically implementation of natural ventilation in balancing the in-building temperature، also a significant reduction in the use HVAC in the buildings; therefore، here is the model of choice recommended the best for hot and arid climate in residential buildings too