فصلنامه جغرافیا و آمایش شهری - منطقه ای
پیاپی 30 (بهار 1398)

One of the new topics in geomorphology is the concept of identity and space memory. This category, which began with proposing the phenomenological perspective in geography, differs from the foundations of logical positivism. Phenomenological geomorphology begins with a system of new terms such as land con-text and land-text, and concepts such as logic of space Syntax, memory and space are born. As a result, the German geomorphology problem can be defined as: How many land-context in Germany have been created? And what's the space identity of these land –context? The results of a joint study by the University of Isfahan and Wurzburg, based on the analysis of the Litholex database, show that: * Germany has three land-context in its space memory. *The ice-water equilibrium line separates these three land-contexts. *Urban settlements in this country have got their own space identity from Convergence law of Ice River and river meandering, and rural settlement is resulting of the development of social settlements in forest. The theoretical frame of this research is based on phenomenology and Junet analytical text. The data that is used in project has been got from Litholex, eea. Europa and maps-EU-DEM. The variables was analyzed, are density of villages, disparity of settlements, I.W.E, convergence of glacial river, which are assessment for three area of Germany .In the last phases the obtained outcomes was compared with the same variables in Iran.The local identity of urban settlements in the country follows the law of convergence of ice vectors and river meandering, and rural settlement is the result of the social development of forestry.

The ability of the urban population to maintain a competitive position in a particular region among other cities is aimed at improving the quality of life of major issues for development. In fact, the goal of urban competitiveness is to create a framework in which both firms and society can compete at a time and in society they will boom and prosper.  The present research tries to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the competitiveness of Tabriz city using descriptive-analytical method and the location of each of the components and indicators of urban competitiveness. Therefore, two levels of urban environment, including environmental factors and internal factors influencing competitiveness of Tabriz city, were identified. PESTLE analysis was used to identify external factors opportunities and threats were categorized in six economic, social, political, technological, legal, and environmental fields and identifying internal factors by studying the views of different scientists and using the Delphi technique in four categories human, organizational, physical and economic factors were classified. After defining the components, the factors were mutually matched to the ranking and extraction of each other by Mic Mac and believing modes in the competitiveness of Tabriz city was formulated with a futuristic approach. To identify possible states among believable futures a total of 40 graduates and executive directors were selected through scoring using Likert scale. There were 28 possible scenarios. The results show that among the four scenarios of desirable situations, improvement, warning and crisis improvement scenario with a score of 62.8 is more compatible with the competitiveness of Tabriz city. In this scenario, attention to research and development and its linkage with economic sectors, having relatively stable security to increase the attraction of skilled workers, changes in the economy of the region due to industrial activity and the activation of several industrial towns in the urban area, and encouragement, support and facilitation of entrepreneurship by the government and increased investment by the private sector, it focuses on the city.

The inappropriate placement of certain industrial, production and service activities in urban spaces has negative effects on the physical and psychological well-being of citizens as well as on the urban landscape. The purpose of this article is to study the existing situation and to measure citizens' attitudes about the effects of workshops and industrial occupations on Gorgan entrances (east, west and north entrances), and inspired by the theoretical foundations of research and its adaptation with case study, was done in four dimensions: environmental, physical, cityscape, and traffic. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the data collection is done by conducting field research, conducting surveys and using tools such as observation and questionnaire. The statistical sample includes 384 residents of these entries, which were chosen by the method stratified sample. The data was analyzed by the SPSS software using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk test for normalization. Then, a non-parametric binomial test was used to analyze the abnormal data. The results show that, in terms of citizens, workshops and industrial uses based on the east and west entrances, they have adverse effects on the environmental status of these entries, while northern entry has relatively minor adverse effects. With regard to physical effects, Results at both east and west entry show relatively high impact, but in the case of the northern entrance, the difference between the mean and the cutoff point = 3 is not significant. In terms of impact on traffic and landscape, the east and west entry have a relatively large impact, while they have little impact on the northern entry. This ratio seems logical since the number of workshops and industries in the northern entrance is negligible compared to other entries. The results were compared with the results of previous external and internal research related to this study, the results showed that policymakers ignored the importance and value of natural resources and the environment in past planning, and that many industries were designed and operated independently of environmental considerations. Unplanned locations of industries and workshops, and without taking into account the zoning and land use rules, one of the fundamental problems of the cities studied. The results of this research confirm similar problems at the entrance of the city of Gorgan.

Infraction means any violation of laws, rules and urban development and building regulations. In spite of penalties considered in article 100 of Iran's municipal laws for such infractions, with the boom in construction and prevalence of sale of density in cities, building infractions has increased. So, due to large number of building infractions which occur in the cities of our country and damages resulted from these infractions on cities body, it is necessary to study this problem and its causes and motivations. Hence, the aim of the current study is consideration of building infractions conditions over urban regions in Shiraz and its causes and motivations. The method of research is descriptive- analytical and causal which is performed using library- documental and field study. The number and type of building infractions was extracted from the files of the secretariat of the commission on article 100. Results show that in regions where there is boom in land market and housing (region 1 and 6), because of profit resulted from infractions for owners, private builders and municipality; surplus density and land use change infractions has been high. On the other hand, in the regions where economic-social situation is not suitable and profit resulted from infractions is equal to or lower than municipality punishment, infraction is low. Instead, the violations related to illegal construction, excessive advance and removal of parking can be seen in these regions (region 7, 9, 10 and 11). Therefore, precise monitoring of municipalities on constructions, raising citizen's awareness and paying more attention to poor strata in urban policy making can be useful in the reduction of building infractions.

Outdoor thermal comfort is one of the most important issues affecting different activities of human life. The purpose of the present study is to help to better understand the factors influencing outdoor thermal comfort such as the width of sidewalks, dimensions of urban gorges and their orientation. In this study, four main passages of Kermanshah metropolis namely Modarres, Kasra, Nobahar and Taqghobostan were selected and studied. The meteorological data required for a 59-year period from 1951 to 2010 were obtained from Kermanshah Meteorological Department. Environmental elements were also taken for each passage in the field. The existing data was eventually imported into Envi-met software. Simulation results show that PMV index values for summer and winter are only in thermal comfort  at the north-south of Nobahar and Kasra passage  with direction shift from east-west to north-south in winter shows only 0/40 PMV index of improvement. Increasing the width of the passages by 50% increased the temperature in summer and winter. Increasing the height of buildings around the streets of Modarres, Kasra and Taghobostan also improved the summer thermal comfort and the reverse effect in winter.

In recent years, many lands of Iran cities, especially marginal lands of the cities affected by the process of urbanization and the citizens need to new house, has changed the  land use and converted to constructed areas. Given that, Ilam city like other cities has faced with increasing population in recent years; we are faced with considerable changes and conversions in urban land use of this city. In this study, with the use of multi-temporal Landsat images related to years of 1976, 2001 and 2007 and using satellite image processing technique , the changes in land use in the periods of 1976 up to 2007 have been investigated and post classification comparison and with emphasis on forecasting the  land use changes and especially the spatial expansion of city Ilam in 1409 (2020 AD) and 1419 (2030 AD) using Marko chain model has been made. Based on results of this research, land use changes and area of the city were calculated and compared. Results during the period 1976 to 2007shows increasing 1905/73 hectare of residential area and degradation of 2066/17 hectare of forest and it was found that the size and scale of Ilam, in order, effect intensity are: increasing residential and agricultural land use and decreasing forest, barren land and the horticulture and with this trend, residential land in 1976 with 268/67 hectare will be 2600/77 hectares in 2040 according to projections made ​​by model. It also reflects the desire to promote the physical development of Ilam city in all spatial dimensions.

The purpose of the present was to study and analysis of factors effective on Social Responsibility of Rural Youth of Ardabil County.  The research method was analytical -explanative survey type. It can be said that studied population in this study consists of all youth living in rural areas of Ardabil County in 2017 (N=49297), among which 382 persons were selected as statistical sample using Cochran formula. Sample size was determined based on the Cochran’s formula and the required data were collected through questionnaires.  Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was determined based on Cronbach's alpha (0.84-0.91).  in order to analyze the data, factor analysis model was used and the results of this model showed the most important factors effective on Social Responsibility of Rural Youth in the studied region includes four components (Reinforcement of citizenship and improvement of life quality, extension of normal entity style and attention to youth needs,  the strucutural evolution of personality growth,  reinforcment of ethical norms and action of particiaptional government) that explained variance and the cumulative variance by the five factors  55.46.  Finally, according to the study results, a number of recommendations also presented.

Modern technologies used for the tourism organization have eliminated a number of occupations and specializations and have instead created some new occupations and specializations. While the structure of tourism service provider organizations in the southern Khorasan province has retained its traditional form and the need to identify smart performance factors in tourism and change the structure of organizations providing these services is felt. The present study aims to identify the intelligent factors in the tourism industry of South Khorasan. The research society includes all official experts of tourism organization of South Khorasan Province. To determine the statistical sample of the research, the census method was used. Out of 356 distributed questionnaires 350 number of them that were completed correctly, collected and analysed. The questionnaire is the researcher made that to the design of it the Delphi technique is used. Then reliability and validity of it were investigated by the Structural-divergent method. The final results indicate that providing electronic services for tourists, Trained and fluent foreign language staff, providing services and complementary products, provide smart travel experience, the open mind, and tourism innovation and finally use of modern tourism marketing methods has the greatest impact on the intelligent performance in tourism.

The aim of current research was to study the reduction of trip demand through appropriate and fair distribution of educational land uses in Mashhad metropolis city. To determine the rate of trip production and trip attraction in each zone and district of Mashhad, geographically weighted regression model was used based on ARC GIS software. The kind of research method used in this research was descriptive – analytical method. The findings of this research showed that, of 253 traffic zones in Mashhad city, zone 231 with 6718 trips had the highest rate of trip prediction, while the lowest trip rate was due to zones 130 and 167. In terms of educational trip attraction, traffic zone of 84 with 8068 trips had the highest trip, while zones 149, 156 and 190 allocated the lowest prediction of educational trip production to themselves. This illustrates the necessity of attentions should be paid to transportation planning by Metropolitan authorities of Mashhad with 5876313 trips per day and annually 25 million religious pilgrims and a number of 478520 students.

Today the physical growth of cities, permeability coefficient, speed and volume of runoff from rainfall has increased; therefore, the potential for runoff during heavy rainfall, rises. In the event of rain, the vulnerability is more of a range, that range is placed at greater risk. From the perspective of the system, it is necessary to create all the factors that affect urban runoff problematic, to be detected. The purpose of this research was to develop indicators of urban planning involved in Kerman surface runoff, as well as the risk is vulnerability mapping. The method used in analyzing the criteria, fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process. In this study, significant areas of the city of Kerman, according to statistics, the existing physiological information and other factors, were studied. SCS estimated the height and volume of runoff using the so-called sub-scale is used, respectively. The results of estimating a surplus rainfall to rainfall in sub-basins with a number of curves (CN) were analyzed. The runoff curve number of maps using ArcGIS was prepared ArcCN-Runof environment. The overall results show the influence of climatic factors, human and land on the ground of an event that had the greatest impact. Also, map the spatial distribution of runoff problematic areas in the central city of Kerman, revealed that the highest risk areas are runoff.