فصلنامه جغرافیا و آمایش شهری - منطقه ای
پیاپی 31 (تابستان 1398)

One of the urban non-sustainable development reasons, especially in developing countries, is a kind of settlement or a certain issue known as informal settlments, where require special measures to manage the current situation and to prevent their spread in the future. Introducing urban sustainable development in 1980s and necessity to consider all of the urban dimensions (including environmental, economical, and social) as the foundations of the urban sustainable development, the study of informal settlements entered a new phase concerning with assessing the sustainability level in such settlements . The idea of sustainable development resulted in emerging modern applied practices and methods of new applications in order to assess the environmental impacts to date since 1990s. The analysis of ecological footprint is one of the indicators attracted more attention in academic, political and education. Ecological footprint is an index, which evaluates the energy and materials used in a city, region or country so that the population and industrial processes pressure on the ecosystem could be estimated. Sanandaj, like other urban areas in the country facing a lot of issues of 1950s and 1960s including massive rural-urban migration, rural-urban imbalances, rapid urban development and so on has experienced the formation of major informal settings such as Abbas Abad, Kani Koozaleh, Ghafoor, Taqutaquan, etc. Hence, we adopted a descriptive-analytical method with emphasis on literature review and field works to assess the sustainability level in Abbas Abad District, Sanandaj (Iran) as one of the informal neighborhoods. For this purpose, we used the ecological footprint model. Our findings revealed that the total ecological footprint in this district was 74560.551 ha indicating 3.808 ha per capita-considering its population of 19578 persons in 2012.

Urban service development is considered as one of the most important axes by urban planners. In between spatial, fair, and stable distribution is one of the key structures of plans, designs, and is for all people. Current investigation is practical Concerning its aim and descriptive-analytical concerning its data collection. The sample size of the study is the four areas of Kerman city. In order to reach the aims of the study, sanitary and therapeutic indexes (main clinics and hospitals), cultural-religious indexes (cinemas and mosques), urban installation and equipment major post centers and gas stations) are taken into consideration which are analyzed by Geoda software and then using the Saw model, the regions were ranked based on their services. The results indicate that except religious practicality, urban installation and equipment the distribution of other services in kerman city are not in line with spatial justice. Also according to the rankings done by Saw model among all the areas, area 3 had the first rank among the districts of the services under study.

Spatial flows between urban and rural area in the form of urban-rural linkages have an important role in the regional integrated development. These flows are change due to natural, economic, social and political factors. One of the geographical territory that has changed naturally is BonRud District and Jolgeh in Isfahan County. Interaction between urban and rural settlements has realized by different flows of population, goods, services, capital, information and communication in this area that has leaded to formation of spatial organization in the area. In this paper, the spatial flows have analyzed by network approach. Present research is explorative based on nature and descriptive-analytic in the aspect of method. Statistical society of the study are all urban and rural settlements of the area. Research required data are collected through field study, interview, and questionnaire. Secondary data collected from archives of responsible organs and institutions. Collected dada have analyzed in the frame of network paradigm, network analyze method and using Nodexl software. Research finding shows that spatial linkage reflects the spatial unbalanced in distribution of possibilities and services in the area. Therefore, settlements of Harand, Varzaneh, Imamzade abdolaziz are in the ranks of one, two and three respectively. The pattern of flows is a daily, regular, and one-sided pattern. This pattern is in many respects consistent with the profile of growth pole theory. This pattern of flows cannot be considered as urban-rural linkage. The recent decade drought has strengthened the urban Polar Regions and strengthened the growth polar pattern in the region.

Social participation is very important in rural areas due to taking the role and role playing by rural inhabitants in economic and social programs, especially in development plans, to achieve the collective goals in rural areas. Meanwhile, there are obstacles to assessing and prioritizing the social participation of villagers in development plans. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate and prioritize the most important obstacles in social participation of rural development activities in the northern Banajooy village of Bonab[1]. The present study was conducted by descriptive - analyzing method based on library resources, field studies and questionnaire's completion. In this research, simple random sampling was used and the sample size was determined by Cochran formula. The data were collected from a sample of 320 rural households based on field studies and by using Cochran sampling method. Data collection was done on the basis of selective and researcher-made indicators and was done by using a household questionnaire. Validity of the questionnaires was examined by experts (experts in the departments responsible for civil development). The validity of the questionnaire obtained 0.81. To analyze the data, ANP Model and the Super Decisions and SPSS softwares was used. The results of single-sample t-test showed that among the effective various factors of the social participation of villagers in the development plans, these following factors are ranked 1 to 6, respectively : the social (31.474), educational-extension (29.269), state institutions (26.925), economic (20/351), rural institutions (18.721), and the legal-lawful institutions (14/231) . Finally, according to the results and with more emphasis on social factors, strategies of removing the obstacles and implementing of these strategies was developed.

Water is a common treasure of humans, and the destruction of water resources is the destruction of the foundations of development. A critical look at the urban and regional overview and plans suggests that it is important to look at signs of a change from traditional thinking to a systemic look at the developing waters. According to the international standards, the city of Birjand is among the water sensitized cities and the assessment of water institutional capacity to improve management performance in the studied area seems critical. The present study is a quantitative and qualitative approach in terms of analytical-descriptive method and, accordingly, is an applied objective. In order to collect required information and documentary documents, 50 questionnaires were completed by the experts of the urban area, water, including policymakers, managers and experienced water and technical experts in the city of Birjand. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Amos statistical software, using structural equation modeling, analytical and analytical methods. The results of the analysis suggest that the relationship between politics and laws is significant in enhancing institutional capacity, while strengthening the institutional capacity of water to improve and develop the operational capacity of water management. Therefore, encouraging private sector participation, user participation and order in accountability and accountability The least impact and decentralization of laws and the use of new science and technology have the greatest impact on institutional capacity building in the study area. Hence, institutional reform of water is necessary to increase the efficiency, productivity and development of water distribution justice in Birjand, and the final strategy of water management change is to stimulate the collective will of the activists in a single direction in order to achieve a desirable water governance.

Equitable access to land and its optimal use are one of the main components of sustainable development. The speed and the growth rate of land prices are related to the regional situation or land. Understanding the factors affecting land prices in Babolsar is the main goal of this research in order to plan the balance of prices. GIS software is used to extract and classify the data of this research. Our statistical population in this research is residential land plots in the city's neighborhoods. In order to determine the price of land, 330 land plots were taken as an example. The geographic weight regression model was also used to analyze the role of seven effective factors on land prices. The results showed that the average price of land in Babolsar is 1337000 Toman. Thirteen neighborhoods of the city were lower than the average and in contrast, nine neighborhoods of the city had a higher price level than the city average. Based on the results obtained from the weight regression model, the local determination coefficient (Local R2) for the dependent variable of land prices in Babolsar is between 0.57 and 0.79 Which shows good fit and high accuracy. As we move from the coastline to the southern parts of the city, the value of the land will be reduced. Neighborhoods close to the beach such as Ali Abadimir, Nokhostvaziri, Parking, Ketiben and ValiAsr and ... will have a higher price tag than other neighborhoods. In return, the southern neighborhoods of the city such as Miandasht, Ghaemie, Bibi Sarrozeh and parts of Hemmatabad and Yur mahalebala based on the estimated local land values, will have a lower price range than other areas of the city. The proximity to the coastline and the Proximity to the city center factor are among the most influential factors in the final value of land prices.

The political divisions of space change in different ways such as abstraction, incorporation, integration and promotion at different levels of the political space of the country. One of the most common is the political promotion of space. Therefore, the present study aimed to measure the changes in quality of life indices as a result of political-administrative promotion of the area at the regional level. This research is to study KOHSARAT of Minoodasht city of East Golestan Province. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and as a descriptive-analytical method. Required information is collected through library and field studies. Questionnaire is the main tool for data collection in field studies. This questionnaire, in the form of a five-point Likert questionnaire, assesses the quality of life of rural people in two levels, both before and after the political-administrative promotion of the study area. Spss statistical software to analyze the data and Wilcoxon signed-rank test is used . Cochran formula was used for sampling. The sample size was 375 people. Therefore, the samples were selected from heads of households in proportion to the number of households in each village. Finally, this study concludes that, out of 34 indicators studied, only 15 indicators show a significant difference between the two periods before and after the political upgrading of the space, concluding that the political upgrading of the area at the district level, in particular, the promotion of the village alone There can be no comprehensive changes in the quality of life of the villagers, and this level of improvement should be immediately followed by the promotion of an element of national divisions such as the promotion of the central village of the district to the city.

Disturbing the ecosystem balance of urban rivers not only disrupts river flows, but its unfavorable environmental impacts are reflected in the city's long-term lives and will continue for generations. One of the major impacts on river ecosystems is water scarcity and drought. Zayandehrud River is one of the most important permanent rivers in Iran, which has suffered from shortages of water and seasonal droughts during the past years. Zayandehrud catchment area in the central region of Iran is one of the areas with tension. Increasing water usage and drought have caused this area to be under continuous water stress and in contemporary years, many environmental damages have been brought to this region and the country. To be It seems that sustainable landscape design, in accordance with the ecological characteristics of the river, is an effective solution. It can help preserve the landscape of the rivers as a dynamic and sustainable ecosystem. Achieving sustainability components in riverside landscape design accordance ecological design, can meet the needs of tomorrow. In addition, it can help for providing the ecological requirements of today's generations and for the river life improvement. In this study the analytical-descriptive has used and Information, gathering method is library studies and field observations. To investigate the factors and layers which has affecting on the ecological design of the river and also for providing a model for identifying the potential of the place (using the "AHP" process) to design a suitable landscape in this river under drought conditions. The results of this paper include some strategies for designing the ecological landscape of the Zayandehrud River, which indicates the importance of safety and security factors, permeability, infrastructure, signs and vegetation in design.

In the last decades, urban population growth and uncontrolled urban growth in all around the world, especially in developing countries, caused many environmental issues such as diminishment of agricultural land use and natural resources as well. Land Coverage and land use change is one of the main components of the current strategy for natural resources management and environmental change monitoring. In this way, this research aimed to model the land use changes in Ghom province, through Markov chain by using of GIS and remote sensing. In this order, using time series images of Landsat satellites (4, 5 and 8) in four different dates within 30 years and performing image pre-processing (Atmospheric and topographic corrections), main land use applications such as residential and industrial areas, agricultural lands, pastures, desert and salt marsh and Salt Lake and water were extracted and studied. The 30-years map analysis showed that the area of pasture in the province decreased within 1986 to 2016, so that the area decreased from 5600 to 4848 square kilometers. The area of agricultural land on this period dropped about 100 square kilometers and with urbanization development, the extent of residential and industrial areas increased from 130 to 364 square kilometers. Finally, because the prediction of land use changes is effective in managing the natural resources and protection of agricultural lands around the cities, we used the model to predict land use changes for the next 10-year (2026) using Markov chain. The results showed an expansion of residential/industries areas, desert and salt marsh and a reduction in agricultural lands. This research revealed that the remote sensing time series data could be very effective in land use changes modeling.

The main purpose of this paper is to study the regional imbalance coefficient and spatial inequality in the Iranian industrial sector. In other words, the evaluation of how the industry's spatial distribution is structured has been studied in a geographical context. In this study, Ellison and Glycer Index, LQ Index, Gini Index, and Herfindahl Geographical Concentration Index were used to measure industrial spatial imbalance coefficient. The findings indicate that the distribution of industrial activities in the provinces of the country is not appropriate. According to the results of the calculation of these indices, the highest geographical concentration coefficient is related to the printing industry and the lowest concentration coefficient is related to the production of non-metallic mineral products. Also, according to the research results, 20 ISIC Second Code industries have a strong geographic focus, accounting for more than half of the industries. The calculations also show that the three provinces of Tehran, Isfahan and Khuzestan have the highest industrial space concentration. According to the location factor index, the highest location factor is in the coke industry, petroleum products and nuclear fuels.