فصلنامه جغرافیا و آمایش شهری - منطقه ای
پیاپی 6 (بهار 1392)

High vulnerability of Tehran city against earthquake, especially south districts and households, is a problem which requires the solutions based on holistic studies. But emphasis on the solutions such as promotion of knowledge and risk approach creates this question that: how much is the role of knowledge and risk approach in defining the vulnerability differences against the earthquake? The question that its proper answering is necessary for leading the policies for reduction of vulnerability. Therefore, for theoretical explanation, the history of vulnerability was studied, the defining conceptions of the problem were selected and the theoretical model and based on the research hypothesis were presented. For judgment of the hypothesis, the household analysis unit in the district was determined, the sample volume was calculated by Kokaran methods and samples were taken by cluster and systematic methods. The required data were analyzed through gathering questionnaires, correlation methods, unilateral variance, regression and analysis of the path. Results showed that not only the knowledge and risk approach have a reverse and relatively weak relation with the amount of vulnerability, and has a much lower and weak role in defining their differences in comparison with socio-economic and local based variables, but also themselves are mainly due to the socio-economic and base of households. Therefore, the promotion of knowledge and risk approaches will not be effective as lonely and without considering the policies of poverty reduction and increasing the access to resources particularly for the middle and lower social classes.

The results of analyzing the good urban governance in this survey showed that kashmar city council couldn’t take confirmation score from transparency, publicity, Role Of Law and efficiency and effectiveness and it’s Function is not in a proper level. Except in responsibility it’s function was realtively positive. So in general, city council of kashmar didn’t act success fully for affordability of good urban governance. Therefore basic hypothesis of this study that was predicted would be affordable via mutual cooperation of Islamic city council, government and people, at least was rejected in the case study. This out come leads us to an important approach that, the systems of administration in Iran depends on pattern of urban soverity not urban governance. So, according to principle of good urban governance like, efficiency and effectiveness, democracy, justice, responsibility and etc. It is essencial for citizens in both public & private parts and totally in the form of civil society, to enter in to decision making and administrating parts of affairs in cities. In this way below items should be considered: In stead of attention to state part in two axes of the government of minarity and the government of majority, and according to the features of Iran society and with consideration of dynamic & organic relation between government & other parts and making balance between them, the position of government should be defined. Its realm of activity should be reviewed. - The position of councils in managerial system of country should be determined and re defined.- More authority Should given to municipals and Islamic councils of cities for planning and developing urban management.- Effort for developing civil organization and paving the road for more public participation.

One of the main purposes of outdoor recreation management is to provide high quality of recreational chances and measuring tourism social carrying capacity is a managerial tool to achieve this objective. Besides, social carrying capacity is closely associated with ‘perceived crowding” by visitors. A review of literature in outdoor recreation suggests that when resource social carrying capacity is violated, crowding occurs; crowding causes visitors’ experience quality to decline and as a result resource utility decreases. Since no research in Iran has been directed at variables influencing visitors’ perceived crowding, the purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize these variables. To achieve this goal, a field study was conducted in 2011 Norouz Holliday at Margoon Waterfall using visitor’s questionnaire. Study sample were chosen from domestic tourists visiting Margoon Waterfall. Descriptive-inferential statistics were used for the analysis. Results from 273 questionnaires analyzed, showed that 4 variables contribute to visitors’ perceived crowding at Margoon Waterfall respectively: expectation from number of others, lack of parking space, other visitors’ behavior, lack of picnic space. In addition, there were statically significant difference between perceived crowding and location at site.

Locating the industrial projects next to the rural areas can cause the increase of employment, increase of incomes and preventing the villagers emigration to cities and therefore can provide the economical, social and cultural development and ultimately the sustained development of rural areas. The rural areas located in South Pars zone have experienced a great deal of changes after the establishment of such installations during the last 15 years. On this basis, necessitates the analysis of these consequences for development of proper and comprehensive programs for realization of rural development.In this study, for analyzing the consequences and impacts of creating special economical zones on economical development of the villages, two villages of Assaluyeh and Nayband were selected as the statistical society and from this society, 10 villages were selected as the sample society and 184 questionnaires have been completed in these villages. The research methodology in this study is of descriptive- analytical method and spss software was used for data analyzing.To determine the development rate of villages, numerical taxonomy model was used. The study results showed that the special economical zone of Energy Pars has been successful in creating employment, increase of occupational chances and stability of population in the neighboring villages while has not been successful in increasing the standard and welfare services in the villages.

Based on the Regression analysis results, the best factors which justifies the Nebkha volume are canopy cover and the plant height together with determinant coefficient 86% (formula 1).the canopy of the plant cover lonely with determinant coefficient 85% (formula 2) and the plant height with determinant factor 67% (formula 3) are placed at the next stage from the view point of justifying Nebkha volume So reaumuria turcestanica with having canopy cover and moderate compaction is capable of producing new shoots to replace those buried by on blowing sand. In this way plant growth copes with the sand accumulation and establish nebkha mound. The witness of this pretension is strong relationship between canopy cover plant heights with nebkha morphometry characteristics.Formula (1): V= 262.983L + 76.347H – 11085.474Formula (2): V= 299.435 – 11141.297Formula (3): V= 488.520H – 5054.452V: Nebkha volume(cm3)L: canopy cover(cm)H: plant height(cm)

Today, environmental degradation is one of the problems of human communities due to mismanagement in watersheds. Land use optimization is one of the appropriate strategies for achieving sustainable development and reduction of resources lose.The present study taken place in Cham Gardalan dam watershed of Ilam province with area of 46822 ha and in order to determine the most appropriate combination of land use, including gardens, irrigated cultivation, rainfed cultivation, rangeland and forest for the minimization of soil erosion. In this study, Based on objectives, intially, maps of topography, slope, direction elevation levels map, geology and etc. were prepared by using a GIS software.Then, the first two primary maps were prepared by ovelaying elevation levels on direction map and geological map on slope map, respectively. The primary maps were overlaid to obtain the basic map with 190 homogenous units.Then, at first, the rate of specific erosion and sedimentation and erosion severity was determined using the EPM model in the GIS environment. Present land uses and optimum ones that were detemined by a systematic land use evaluation and planning method were used in the model. The study showed that with adapting appropriate watershed management practices and land use planning, the total erosion and sedimentation rate may be lowered to around 401276 ton per year(about 54%) in the watershed. Therefore, if proper and compatible usages with natural and environmental conditions and to the aim of optimum use of nature be presented and selected, erosion in the watershed and finally the produced sediment in the watershed will decrease greatly.

Today, uncontrolled and uneven physical development of the cities, has left various consequences and encountered the cities with specific problems and difficulties. Unauthorized construction, inadequate Neighborhood in usages, environmental pollution and the loss of agricultural lands, destruction of natural ecosystems and the expansion toward vulnerable urban zones from the view point of environmental hazards such as flood valleys, unstable slopes, river right, and. .. are an example of the problems that we see today. Germi town ship, due to its geographical location and placing on the steep and mountainous zones has several limitations. Therefore, the survey and analysis of the various natural phenomena and human factors of the area, and ultimately presenting control strategies for logical dealing with these processes and the resulting limitations is necessary. To this aim, the present study has been performed for studying the proper areas for urban development by using GIS system. For spatial analysis and multi-scale evaluation, Edrisi software was used and for standardizing the values and homogenization of scales in drawing layers, standardization method based on membership degree in fuzzy function was used. Critic method was used for weighting the criteria and Topsis technique has been used in final analysis of multi criteria evaluation (for suitable areas for urban development) and proper coordinates of urban planning has been determined.The results showed that the urban development toward the North East is faced with limitations and restrictions due to confronting with fertilized agricultural lands, high level of ground waters and proximity to fault lines, and are not suitable for development. And with respect to other factors, in proportion with the development indices, the eastern and southern part of the city are considered as the most appropriate areas for urban development of Germi.

Various landforms have been created in different parts of the world by catas¬trophic events. One of these events, caused the landslide and separation of stony blocks from Kabir Kooh hillside and obstruction in the course of the river and formation the ancient Seymarreh lake. This lake is a dam lake and has created due to the huge Kabir Kooh landslide. This study area is located in the west part of Iran and in the Southeast Ilam province, in the folded Zagros. The lake bed has created an extensive urban and rural life in the region, for this reason the study and exact delimitation of the lake for an environment planning is important. The purpose of this paper is to study geomor¬phological changes of this lake. For studying the geomorphological changes of the lake, in the frequent field visits, the formed traces in the area were dete¬rmined and through Gps it's altitude were measured. For controling the ground measurements by using Global Mapper11 softwarethe topo¬graphic maps of the area with the scale of 1/50000 and the water way maps by the digital elevation model (Iran map dem) has been conformed. The softwares: Arc Gis9.3, Surfer 9 have been used for preparing and producing new maps and the lake measuring exact delimitation. According to the results of this study, the Lake delimit has been determined on the basis of sediment extension and contour line 700 meters. The Extent of this lake was found to be 174.16 〖KM〗^2, with the maximum depth of 159 meters, the medium depth of 52.67 meters, the ratio of average depth to the maximum of depth 0.33, degree of seaside evolution line was 3.3, lake volume 9172.43 million M^3and the seaside length line 154.02 kms.