فصلنامه پژوهش های ادبی - قرآنی
سال دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 7، پاییز 1393)

Iranian poets، since the emergence of Persian language، have more or less paid attention to the Holy Quran and Hadith. With the expansion of Islamic epistemes and mystical ideas، this attention reached its peak in seventh and eighth centuries AH. Moulana Hassan Kashi، a Shiite Persian poet (7-8 AH)، by virtue of parenting، personal interest، religious mentality، and the tradition of reflection of Islamic epistemes in Persian poems at that time، was deeply familiar with such sources of knowledge and used them in his poems particularly his Qasidas for a variety of purposes. The aim of the present study is to probe into the effects of the Quran and Hadith on his poems. After presenting an introduction to his life، this study analyzes the ways in which he used the Quran and Hadith in the form of literary devices such as allusion، imagery، adaptation، translation، interpretation، and Hal (fragmentation). His use of compounds in which the poet draws on the Quran and Hadith was also analyzed. Finally، his objectives in using the Quran and Hadith evident in strategies including instantiation and citation، simile and parable، arguing and justifying، reasoning and argument، veneration، description، etc. were studied. This study revealed that the poet has been influenced to a great extent by the Quran and to a lesser extent by Hadith. Imagery was the dominant influence on the poet which he used for the purpose of description، mainly the description and eulogy of Imam Ali (AS).

Qur''anic stories and verses have always been of interest to poets and writers. Poets informed of Qur''anic narrations and proportionate to their works'' themes and content، take avail of these stories and verses to make them more understandable and to find approval for their statements. Therefore، allusion as a literary device، reflects the poet''s awareness of a variety of religious and historical themes and events. At first glance، since this literary device provides old information and events، hardly can one accept in it innovation and motivation. However، according to the theory of motivation in formalism، ability، talent and power of imagery and expression of the poet can create innovative images from the most archaic themes and motifs so that the reader encounters a new ambiance. This article aims at studying motivation in Qur''anic motifs and famous stories in sonnets of poets in the last two decades. Through examples، it tries to support the hypotheses that although Qur''anic allusions have roots in unfalsifiable stories and verses، they always allow new images if innovative methods of language and expression are used.

To date، a multitude of linguistic studies into the Quran، mainly in the fields of semantics and text analysis (discourse analysis) has been conducted. The present research aims to study the presented details in two surahs of the Quran with a new approach. To this end، based on Halliday’s functional approach، we studied the circumstantial adjuncts in two surahs of Ma’ede and Yusuf as two examples of Medinan and Meccan surahs. In the systemic functional grammar proposed by Halliday، circumstantial adjuncts are the third part of the triple roles of the experimental metafunction، which contain detailed information about the text. Circumstantial adjuncts are considered to be a tool for a more detailed description of a verb، disambiguation and enhancement of the experimental content of the text، by providing information and details. After the adjuncts are extracted، the authors determined the frequency of them in the two surahs and studied the reasons for their existence with respect to their frequency. The results show that، overall، the rate of the use of the adjuncts in Ma’ede as a Medinan Surah is over Yusuf as a Meccan surah. The most frequent adjuncts in both surahs were causal (reason، purpose and beneficiary) and locative and temporal (place and time)، with the latter being more frequent in the surah of Ma’ede. After these two adjuncts، adjunct of contingency (condition، presupposition and concession)، adjuncts of manner (means، quality، comparison and degree) and adjuncts of accompaniment (interactive and additive) have the highest frequency and other circumstantial adjuncts including topic and role (guise and product) are the lowest in frequency; adjuncts of point of view (source and viewpoint) were not found in any of them. Details such as cause reason and motivation for an action show God’s particular attention to the origin and cause of affairs and invites addressees to meditate on these matters. God''s Special attention to the audience of the Holy Quran and the humans'' general inability to understand it is also indicated by the high frequency of location adjuncts.

The life histories of many prophets are narrated in the Quran. Prophet Adam، known as the first prophet and the first human، and his creation story is of prime importance in Islam. The word ''Adam'' has occurred twenty-five times in the Quran while six surahs of the Quran have elaborated on the story of Adam. Exegetes and expounders have provided different explanations and interpretations about the concise and profound verses in the six surahs. Although God''s intention in including those verses is not merely narrating stories، the verses contain many typical aspects and elements of fiction literature. That is because the stories are essentially the stories of different human beings with judgments about the realism and realization. This article aims at investigating the elements of story in Adam’s life history from the Quran relying on numerous relevant narrations available through books and pre-Islam religions. In this study، the lofty objectives of the Holy Quran-which are education، guidance and lessons for humans to learn from-is explained employing modern fiction techniques such as point of view، plot، structure، theme and subject، conflict، character، time، etc.

The literary approach to Quranic interpretations is founded on words، morphology، syntax and rhetoric. However، contemporary literary school، in addition to these principles، takes into account other principles like authenticating solely the literary understanding. Comparing Sayyid Murtazā''s literary approach with the principles and ideas of Sheikh Tusi in Al-Tibyan reveals various aspects of their differences with the literary school and the close similarity، along with some distinctions، of the principles of these two exegetes in literary interpretation of the Quran. Sheikh Tusi and Sayyid Murtazā، unlike the contemporary literary school، believe that the literary exegesis of the Quran is a prerequisite to understanding it and not its main purpose as is the case in the existence of synonymy and critical interpretation in the Quran. Believing in polysemy is another difference between these two exegetes and the contemporary literary school. Allusions to the Quranic verses as the most important resource of words، using verses'' register، allusions to Hadith، giving preference to early exegetes'' views over philologists'' ideas، referring to Arab poets in decoding the meanings of words and confirming the content of the verses، taking advantage of the Arabic literary prose traditions، knowing the readership and paying attention to the setting in which the verses were revealed to the Prophet are some common principles between these two exegetes in literary interpretation. Some different methods used by them include Sayyid Murtazā''s، as contrasted with Sheikh Tusi، little attention to the similarity and differences of the words، low use of interpretation narratives، preferring early exegetes'' opinions over the philologists''، who has favored the order of citing philologists and exegetes based on the words'' most proper meaning.

Knowing the truth of human existence is one of the most important branches of human knowledge in the humanities and one of the most interesting topics of anthropology when it concerns philosophy and literature. Mulla Sadra and Rumi، under the influence of Qur''anic verses and revelational teachings، have presented new ideas about the truth of mankind including evolvement and movement towards the perfection of the truth of mankind، the impact of human actions and deeds on his truth and embodied in the Hereafter، the influence of Platonic theory of forms on the explication of the single origin of the human essence، and the fall of man and the manifestation of God in the world as well as in the truth of mankind. In this paper، we tried to understand how these two thinkers have been influenced by Quranic verses and teachings in their philosophy of the transcendent theosophy and the mystical literature، and to explain some correspondences.

One important and old approach taken by Quran researchers is considering the language and how understanding and interpreting of this great text، which enjoys various، religious، epistemological and artistic dimensions، happens. Among such studies are the literary- linguistic approaches to the Quran that people like Sayyid Qutb، Mustansir Mir، Nil Robinson، Toshihiko Izutsu and Angelika Neuwirth have authored works on. The development of the analysis of different linguistic and semiotic discussions in different texts has made it clear that Quran''s text and specially its stories contain many linguistic techniques in conveying and inculcating its exalted concepts which has been touched on by experts less often. Analyzing the story of Moses and Khizr in Kahf surah based on analyzing discourse semiotics، this study describes and explains different discourse systems such as eventual، prescriptive and tensional discourse. In this research we do never intend to know the value of Quranic stories in their having these discourse systems، rather we accept the greatness of Quran in all its dimensions and we pursue to clarify this aspect of discourse systems in its structure and content. In other words، we are going to describe these systems both in the surface and deep structures of this story to depict and prove another valuable aspect of Quranic stories. This research method is content analysis based on semiotic theories that have been raised by people such as Algirdas Julien Greimas and Kurtz in recent years.