نشریه برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری
پیاپی 6 (پاییز 1392)

The main purpose of this study is to estimate the tourists` willingness to pay for agro-tourism services in the coastal provinces of the Caspian Sea using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). A Logit Model was estimated using Maximum Likelihood Approach in order to investigate the effective factors on individual willingness to pay. The required data were collected through completing questionnaires and interviews with 504 visitors of the coastal provinces of the Caspian Sea in summer 2012. The results of this study showed that about 70 percent of visitors are willing to pay some money to use agro-tourism services in tourist farms. Also، variables including level of education، agro-tourism attraction، income and prices offered (bid) had a statistically significant effect on the probability of anticipated willingness to pay. Tourists'' expected willingness to pay was set at 12920 RLs and the recreational annual value of the tourist farms was estimated to be 116 billion RLs. According to findings، there is the possibility to increase tourism revenue of agricultural activity by considering the visitors'' point of view. In today''s world، countries are faced with challenges such as rural migration، increasing productivity of resources، human resource efficiency، employment creation، and environmental protection، and these challenges emphasize the necessity of multidimensional planning in the sustainable rural development process. To this end، many countries are paying attention to diversify their economy and seeking recognition or creation the new approaches. One of these methods is development of rural tourism industry and one of the new areas of this kind of tourism is agro-tourism or farm tourism. This kind of tourism can provide opportunities and possibilities especially employment and income generating for farmers and could be effective in rehabilitation and renovation of rural areas. Agro-tourism refers to agriculture-related activities organizing mainly by farmers with the aim of attracting tourists to the village and the farms. Considering the diversity of climate، the nature of the four seasons، natural attractions، monuments، architecture، and cultural and geographical crafts، Iran has capability for development of agro-tourism industry; however، the income generated by agro-tourism development in Iran is negligible. So، the main purpose of this study is to estimate the tourists` willingness to pay for agro-tourism services in the coastal provinces of the Caspian Sea. Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used to estimate the tourists` willingness to pay for agro-tourism services in the coastal provinces of the Caspian Sea. The data required for this research was collected through interviews and completing questionnaires with tourists of the coastal provinces of the Caspian Sea in summer 2012. The questionnaire was developed in two sections. The first part included the information related to personal، social and economic characteristics of respondents and the second section consisted of questions related to tourists` willingness to pay. In order to determine the sample size، the number of tourists visiting the intended areas was obtained from Cultural Heritage، Craft، and Tourism Organization. After performing a pilot test and completing 30 questionnaires in Farah-Abad، Sari، the sample size calculated (n=504) and 415 questionnaires ware analyzable. Discussion and A Logit Model was estimated using Maximum Likelihood approach in order to investigate the effective factors on tourists` willingness to pay. The results of the investigation of tourists` willingness to pay for using farm-tourism accommodation showed that about 70 percent of respondents were willing to pay some money to use agro-tourism services and accommodation providing at tourist farms. The average of tourists'' expected willingness to pay was set at 12920 RLs. The Likelihood Ratio (LR) was used to investigate the overall significance of the regression. The value of this indicator with the degrees of freedom of 6 was 88. 63 and the overall estimated model is statistically significant at the 1 % level of significance، because the estimated value of LR is higher than the calculated probability value (P-value) for this test. The value of the McFadden determination coefficient for the estimating logit model is equal to 0. 21. Given the number of observations of the dependent variable، these digits are desirable values. Percent of right prediction is also over 65%، and this value shows desirable digit because the acceptable percent of right prediction for logit and probit models is equal to 60%. So the model is reliable for subsequent analyzes. The findings also showed that variables including marital status، level of education، agro-tourism attraction، income، and prices offered (bid) had a statistically significant effect on the probability of anticipated willingness to pay. Estimated coefficients for the explanatory variables including marital status، level of education، virtual variable- attractiveness of farm tourism services، tourists` income، and prices offered (bid) are statistically significant at 0. 05 and 0. 01 percent. Variables including marital status، level of education، attractiveness of farm tourism services، and tourists` income had a positive effect and prices offered (bid) had a negative effect on the willingness to pay of the coastal provinces tourists. The results of this study indicate that the willingness to pay for development of agro-tourism services exist among the tourists of the coastal provinces of the Caspian Sea in Iran. According to findings، there is the possibility to increase tourism revenue of agricultural activity by considering the visitors'' point of view. Given the average value of tourists` willingness to pay، the recreational annual value of the tourist farms was estimated to be 116 billion RLs. This provides justification to the attention of all actors influencing the sustainable development of agro-tourism to provide the required context for sustainable tourism development by providing facilities and possibilities in rural areas of coastal province of the Caspian Sea. Considering the lack of sufficient knowledge regarding the concepts and functions of agro-tourism، the first and most important step in this direction could be to create awareness amongst both the consumer society and rural community and also encourage them to apply in a sustainable agro- tourism practices، with an emphasis on the agro- tourism industry to become a complementary income source.

Sustainable management of nature reserves requires that the conservation of naturalresources and recreation be balanced. Increased recreational use within these resources endangers this balance، as it may lead both to a decline in the quality of the recreational experience and to the degradation of the ecosystem. Tourism carrying capacity (TCC) is one of the tools used to realize sustainable management. TCC has various dimensions. Social carrying capacity (SCC) is one of its dimensions which includesboth the degree of tolerance of host population and the quality of visitors’ experience. Moreover this notion is closely associated with the concept of crowding. As applied to tourists، SCC can be determined as the maximum level of use and types of activities that can be absorbed by an area without an unacceptable decline in the quality of visitors’ experience. Beside،crowding is often seen as the most direct social influence of recreation that can cause the visitors’ quality of experience to degrade and as a result، resource utility to decline. However، previous research has suggested that despitehigh level of density، visitors may explain their experience as satisfactory. Recreationists who feel crowded may adopt some coping mechanisms that are generally defined as stress-reducing. Displacement is one the coping strategies visitorsapply to reduce stress. Applying displacement may cause some problems for site management، especially for those which are ecologically sensitive. Crowding may lead visitors to displace site with other places، which may be visited less frequently. The greater dispersal of visitor use in time and space can cause undisturbed zones to damage. Despite the large demand for visiting natural areas in Iran، few researches have studied visitors’ social carrying capacity. Furthermore، no research has addressed coping mechanisms they employ in response to crowding. So، thegoal of this study was to determine recreationists’ social carrying capacity and the coping behaviors they employ. A field study was carried out on-site at the Margoon Waterfall during 2011 NorouzHollidays. To select sample، incidental sampling method was applied. Visitor exit questionnaires were distributed among domestic tourists visiting the Waterfallwho were 18 or more years old. As a Psychological construct، perceived crowding was measured through self-report techniques using Vaske and Heberlein 9-point scale. Besides، social carrying capacity was determined employing visual normative approach. Using descriptive statistics، finally 273 questionnaires were analyzed. Discussion and The results of descriptive data analysis indicated that almost all of the respondents (99/6%) reported a score of 3 or greater regarding the 9-point perceived crowding scale. According to the crowding evaluative standards proposed by Shelby et al. (1989)، if 80-100% respondents reported a rating of 3 or greater، the use levels would be interpreted as “more than capacity”. Applying visual normative approach، respondents indicated average densityas ideal، high use levels as acceptable and very high use levels as intolerable. Although perceived crowding had violated social carrying capacity thresholds، respondents described their recreational experience as satisfactory. In other words، 90/7% respondents suggested that they had been satisfied with their experience. When it comes to coping mechanisms، nearly 62% of respondents chose temporal displacement as their most preferred strategy، among them approximately 24% suggested that they would reduce duration their visit in order to cope with the site crowding. Asthe findings demonstrated، use levels of the site exceeded its social carrying capacity. Moreover، the results supported the previous research that satisfaction alone is not a useful tool in estimating social carrying capacity. The results also revealed that temporal displacement، in general and reducing duration of the visit، specifically، would be the most employed coping behavior in Margoon Waterfall. Therefore، environmental planners and destination managers should pay great attention to the crowding and its behavioral implications so that، by applying appropriate solutions، they can provide a balance between qualityof visitors’ experience andnatural setting ecosystem.

Rural tourism is a recreational and social activity in rural areas that has great potential to improve the dynamics of rural development through poverty reduction، income generating and promoting the welfare of the community. Furthermore through numerous investments in rural areas it can have high impact on the transfer of knowledge، ideas and urban lifestyles and lead to diversification of their socio- economic activities. From the viewpoint of experts the use of rural spaces for recreation and leisure time could be analyzed in two ways: A) policies based on social tourism، and B) rural tourism based on second homes as a new lifestyle. Based on sustainable development approach، household assets to improve the livelihood of the local community includes a broad range of capitals forms such as natural، physical، human، financial and social capitals. Therefore social capital as an intangible investment is a facilitator development resources management based on social relationships and the function of local networks in different levels of the individual and the family، group and community. Thus، in the one hand، social capital dimensions (local network، participation، trust and cohesion) in the field of tourism، can promote stability of the social and economic development، comprehensive planning of tourism destinations، effective rapid assessment of complex situations، develop common values، guarantee an equal distribution of resources and increase understanding of the stakeholders، and in the other hand، it paves the way for new opportunities to encourage local residents invest in infrastructural services such as health، education and other social facilities that led to improve technical skills، communication، and trading. Now regarding the role of social capital in second home based rural tourism this study attempt to answer this question: Is there a significant relationship between social capital dimensions and Second home tourism development in rural areas? This paper attempts to study the role of social capital dimension such as (trust، solidarity and reciprocity and local networks) on the tourism development in rural areas. Methodology of this research is descriptive- analytical method and for the survey questioner form was used. The number of household of the survey includes 131 case settled in Hesar-e- Valiasre county (Boein Zahra Township in south east in province of Qazvin) villages who have lived permanently in four rural points. Due to the limited number and availability of all residents، all of them have been studied in the present study. Data was collected through a questionnaire in the form of a field study and through interviews with the families who live in four villages. The validity of the research is based upon its content and approval by experts. The final assessment was computed through Alpha Kronbach coefficient (α=0/8). Discussion and In order to measure the role of social capital dimensions (local network، participation، trust and cohesion) in Rural Tourism Development with Emphasis on Second Home in study area، factor analysis in SPSS software was used. The foregoing items of the questionnaire included 35 items related to social capital dimensions have been reduced to 8 factors by the use of factor analysis، that 71. 74% of the variance is explained. Due to the suitability of the data sets and Significance of confidence level of 99% and reasonable amount of KMO Bartlett test، this test is a suitable instrument for data analysis. Descriptive findings from the survey show that 75. 2 percent of the 131 respondents were married، had a mean age 40. 5 years، 34. 6 percent of junior high school education، 69. 1% of the respondents were males and 25. 5 percent of main jobs were related to agriculture and 30% were retired. The consequence of data reduction by the use of factor analysis is showed as follows: 1-the interest and participation of individuals with 11. 61% of the variance، eigenvalue 4. 06; 2- Cultural factors with eigenvalues ​​3. 61 and 10. 31% of the variance in; 3- Collaboration and consultation with eigenvalues ​​of 3. 49 and 9. 97% of the variance in; 4- agent cooperation and social relationships with eigenvalues 3. 24 and 9. 28% of variance; 5- the friendship and sympathy with eigenvalues ​​2. 48 and 7. 10% of the variance in; 6- Managing the interaction and collaboration among members with eigenvalues 2. 21 and 6. 32% of the variance of; 7- Managing social cohesion with eigenvalues ​​2. 11 and 6. 04% of the variance; and 8- honesty and trust factor with eigenvalues ​​1. 80 and 5. 15% of the variance. In the meantime، the first factor، personal interest and engagement with special values ​​of 4. 06 and 11. 61% of the variance is accounted for in the can interpretation. that have the greatest impact on the development of tourism and second home development، investment rural community in the study area has and Minimum factor of prejudice that the eigenvalues ​​of this factor is 1. 61، which is 4. 60% of the variance to calculate and explain.

Rural areas in their way to development need some social capital so that in its absence، it makes nonsense of other capitals and it is then difficult to proceed to development and cultural and economic evolution. So، in the issue of tourism in rural areas، its relationship with social capital is of importance، Social Capital is the base of tourism development in rural area. Rural tourism is considered as a device to access economical، social growth as well as recreation. So far developed actions are taken for developing tourism as an effective source for income and creating jobs in rural areas. This kind of tourism is grabbed attention with the goal of local areas sustainable development as a device for economical، social development and one of the most important jobs in rural areas. Tourism should be in harmony with number and kinds of users and those demands which are the feature of rural areas in order to be efficient and potentially sustainable. In this regard، tourism development consequences should be mention، because، as a profitable activity can evolutes different rural capitals. So، it seems necessary that tourism development and Social Capital gradation in rural area need to investigation about correlation between this two parameters. In this regard، this research pays to answer this question: which kind of relationship is there between tourism development and amount of social capital in rural area of Soleghan? Materials and Our research method of the present study is the descriptive analytical one that relies on both library and field methods. The study area is villages of souleghan dehestan located in kan. According to the 2006 census population of this dehestan are 63566. Five village selected as sample Villages based on criteria such as population، thriving tourist and location. Statistic society in this research is includes of: local household habitant in villages of case study، and sample volume were determinate with 195 of household headman using Cochran formula. Criteria for measures of social capital include three Criteria: social trust، social cohesion، solidarity and social participation (14 Index). For assess of tourism development level selected three Criteria include dependence rural employment to tourism income dependence of rural household to tourism. It is worth mentioning that we analyzed our data using SPSS (descriptive and deductive statistics). Discussion and Our results show that the levels of social capital in our surveyed villages are higher than the mean value and there is a statically significant difference in the level of social capital between the studied villages and there is also statically significant difference in the level of tourism development between them. In sum، in order to answer the key question of the study، we address to analyze correlation type using Pearson correlation coefficient. In this respect، results of our calculations show a statistically significant and direct relationship with alpha level of 0. 01 between tourism development and social capital in the rural areas Soleghan district. Regarding our results and admitting the role of social capital as the underlying fundamental of any development and regarding a statistically significant and direct relationship between this type of capital and tourism development in the rural areas، we should emphasize on taking various social bodies part in developing tourism in rural areas which can be led to promote social capital in these areas.

This study aims to investigate attitudes of tourism residence owners towards climate change and their support of mitigation and adaptation policies. This study is the first investigation on the subject of climate change and policies to support the tourism sector in Iran. A total of 121 tourist residence owners in the cities of Noor، Mahmudabad and Babolsar in Mazandaran province were selected by simple random sampling. The method was survey and questionnaires were used to collect the data. Discussions and This study has shown that small-scale and local community are sensitive towards global change and climate change and to some extent aware of the consequences. However، the sensitivity and awareness of its implications provide an opportunity for policy makers in tourism and climate change issues. Research findings suggest that owner’s tourism resorts were supportive of the policies to tackle climate change. Furthermore، reduction of the number of tourists was the most important job outcomes of climate change. Rising costs of air conditioning system in the summer was the most important local message of climate change in tourism. Finally، the local message of climate change and the attitude towards climate change were the most important factors that explain the tackling policies support. Overall، the present study is the first investigation in connection with the issue of climate change and policies to support the tourism sector in Iran، it Shows that although small-scale and local community are sensitive towards global change and climate change and somewhat aware of the consequences. However، the sensitivity and awareness of its implications provide an opportunity for policy makers in tourism and climate change issues، until with continuous communication with owners provide necessary fields for to take practical action to tackle climate change.

Tourism is a modern phenomenon that gradually entered rural spaces from mid twentieth century consistent with its geographical expansion and consequently entered in academic literature of rural studies. First this trend was initiated from developed countries of Europe and North America. Then In the past two decades be considered by scholars and authorities of rural development in developing countries. In Iran، background study on rural tourism goes back to early years of the twenty-first century. And in the past few years has obtained significant growth in scientific and academic assemblies; although until now not found considerable status in national development policies. This research by documentary methodology and with particular emphasis on scientific studies that published in Persian journals investigates general features of rural tourism literature in Iran; And by providing key questions، what? Why? When? Where? Who? Try to explore identification and analysis general characteristics that are dominant in rural tourism studies. Most of the early studies in rural tourism related to complex changes of modern era، including all dimension of economic، political، social - cultural and technological، economic، political، socio - cultural and technological، etc.; the backgrounds that gradually provide appropriate conditions for mass tourism development from years after World War II. Since that time until the late twentieth century different discourses and approaches raised in context of rural tourism studies، that some concludes them under the four platforms. First of them was “advocacy” platform that featured mostly economic prospects of tourism and accentuated on its benefits. Second، “Cautionary Platform” focused on the socio-cultural aspects of tourism and brought benefits of tourism under scrutiny. Third “Adaptec Platform”، when both the positive and negative aspects of tourism had been conjured، research attention was drawn on those alternative forms of tourism developments which were potentially sustainable، with minimal unwanted consequences. Finally، “Knowledge-base Platform” maintains bridges with others but the goal is to form a scientific body of knowledge on tourism. The main approach of this research is based on documentary and or archival research. The statistical sample consisted of all scientific research of rural tourism that published in Persian scientific and academic journals in Iran. The time scope of research is from that time that rural tourism studies literature began to enter the Academic and scientific works of researchers in country until July 2013. Based on proposed wh-questions in research a framework was designed to acquire intended data. This framework consisted of the characteristics، such as: Topic and research question، researcher expertise، time study، the geographical domain of research، the dominant approach to research methodology، data collection tools and techniques، tools and methods and techniques of data analysis، and rural tourism shape. Finally، with regard to intended goals the data became classified and then analyzed. Results show that from the early twenty-first century to July 2013، about 136 articles have been published in Persians scientific journals. Largest number of research has been conducted on Tehran and Mazandaran provinces. Total of studies can be classified into five categories، including: policy، planning and development of rural tourism; impacts and consequences of rural tourism; economic rates of rural tourism; geographical expansion of rural tourism; assess the sustainability of rural tourism. Most important of studied rural tourism shapes are second home tourism and nature-based tourism. Geographers have superior role in the study of rural tourism in Iran، and so that more than 60 percent of carried researches have contributed by geographers. Finally، quantitative methods are the main methodological approach (66. 7%) and questionnaire is the main instrument for data collection. Despite more than half a century of research experiences on rural tourism in developed countries، in many developing countries، the subject of rural tourism is a new concept in literature of rural tourism studies. In Iran the backgrounds of rural tourism studies go back to first years of twenty first century، and in recent years faced with an accelerate grow. It seems that most of the research in Tehran and Mazandaran provinces primarily is due to its proximity to Tehran metropolitan as the capital and largest wealth and population center in the country. In general can be seen traces of all discourses of tourism development in these studies، but there is not a rational process and to some extent “advocacy platform” is more prominent. Dominant of geography in rural tourism studies، first can be seen in dominant role of geography in rural studies، second in contemplating tourism as a geographical phenomenon. Dominance of quantitative methodology represents positivistic approach in rural tourism studies in Iran. This situation requires change of approach in tourism research methodology، and benefiting from hybrid methodologies.

Today، tourism has become the largest service industry in the world in terms of revenue. The development of tourism industry، in addition to its effects on economic dimensions such as creating career opportunities، income، decreasing poverty and increasing social welfare، affects in the expression of the national identity، the creation of the social security and the extension of the social justice. Tourism development، especially for developing countries is facing with problems such as high unemployment، limited financial resources and economic monoculture، has a great importance. Tourism industry is the most promising and most complex facing the third world، because income has the greatest potential to replace other industries. According to statistics، Iran، up to now، Because of the barriers to the development tourism industry، despite having a privileged position، hasn''t been enough progress in this subject. so the identification، survey and analysis of the barriers to the development of this industry in Iran as a developing country is necessary. The strategic aims of the article identify and prioritize obstacles facing tourism industry in the use of interpretive structural modeling techniques. Interpretive structural modeling method is one of the systems'' analysis methods which examine the interactions between system’s components. This method has been used in this paper in order to analyze the interactions between barriers to the development of tourism in Iran. One of the main logic of this approach is that it has more impact on other elements of a system in which the elements are of greater importance. In conclusion، we can say that not only insight into the ISM model provides relations among various elements of a system but also It provide structure is based on the importance or impact on structural elements in each other And Image Showcase. Besides، MICMAC method has been utilized in order to cluster these barriers. Since this method is based on experts’ opinions، the opinions of 13 experts in the tourism industry and universities’ professors have been used. Discussion and In this study، 12 key obstacles are selected the base of experts mode. In this research، Experts were asked that in their opinion whether this obstacle is one of the main obstacles to the development of tourism in Iran or not. About select obtained the barriers from the literature، the mode of experts are used. This means that if have consensus the majority of people on a main obstacle In order to analyze selected And the obstacles that it is not elected by majority vote، its cause is excluded. The findings showed that «continuous economic and political sanctions»، “the number of policy centers and the lack of the interaction between them «،» cultural and religious restrictions for foreign tourists «،” the lack of government support over investing in the tourism sector» and “the lack of encouragement of private sector investment «are the most influential barriers to tourism development in Iran. This study identify and to analyze the obstacles of the tourism development in Iran. The research has offer new insight about the nature of the obstacles in the development of tourism in the country. In order to main logic of the method is used (ISM Method)، that is approach in the design and analyzing system، Obstacles that have most influence on other factors have been identified as the most important factor. According to the experts'' opinion and using structural matrix and irrelative power، 12 obstacles have been identified about tourism in Iran. The results show that the greatest impact of economic sanctions on the trail - political (8irritative power) and the lowest Related is in the absence of a coherent and systematic marketing (1 irrelative power).

The hospitality industry is considered one of the most important substructures of the tourism industry، and service quality is known to be the most important and challenging matter for the hospitality enterprises within the industry. Hence hospitality enterprises face increasingly critical problems in achieving competitive advantage within the industry while coping with a marketplace that is shifting in demographic and economic terms. In such a competitive situation customer satisfaction has been identified as a crucial key factor for the hospitality enterprises and the lodging industry such as hotels and other lodging firms. In order to determine customer satisfaction and to raise service quality، lodging firms should gain information about their customers'' expectations and demands and also about the different characteristics and factors that might effect their expectations. The aim of this study is to find the effect of demographic characteristics such as age، gender، marital status، educational level and income level on the customer''s expectations for service quality in the lodging industry. In this study survey research methods based on questioners were used. Information required for indicators was collected via the study of related books and theses and analyzed with SPSS statistical software. This study investigated the effect of demographic characteristics of 168 customers of 3 star، 4 star and 5 star hotels in Semnan on their expectations for the service quality. Subjects reported their age، gender، marital status، educational level and income level as demographic characteristics. The instrument used for this study was LODGSERV; a 26-item index developed by Knutson، Stevens، Wullaert، Patton and Yokoyama which was used to measure the subjects'' expectations for the five dimensions of service quality which are: tangibles، assurance، reliability، responsiveness and empathy. Data collected for this study were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The analysis was conducted in two stages. First the 26 questions were reduced to the five dimensions of service quality through the use of principal component analysis، and then Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to examine the 6 hypotheses of this study which examined the effect of demographics and also the interactions between different demographic groups on customer expectations for the five dimensions of service quality. Discussion and This study was designed to examine customer expectations for service quality and how demographic characteristics of the customer might influence those expectations. The result of hypotheses testing using MANOVA showed that age was the only demographic characteristic of the customer that had a significant effect on customers'' expectations for the combined dimensions of service quality. The other demographic factors (gender، marital status، educational level and income level) were not significant and no significant interactions were found between different demographic groups. Further results which were conducted through ANOVA showed that age had a significant effect on responsiveness which is one the five service quality dimensions. It also showed that expectations for this customer service dimension were higher for customers between the ages of 56 to 65. As a result this group was more concerned about the item that indicated providing prompt and quick service. The other important factors that hotels and lodging firms should take into account is educating and employing a staff that make the customers feel comfortable and confident in dealing with them and giving extra effort to handle the customers special requests. Hotels should have personnel who are both able and willing to give the customers information about the hotel and outside services. Thus it is suggested lodging firms spend their time and effort on identifying information about their customers specially their customers'' age.

Along with urbanization development and expanding metropolitans as well as increasing the complexity of social relationship in cities، the meaning of safety in urban، has changed from the primary stage and physical aspect. Public sphere of the cities are a proper base for developing the cities and as such، personal and social perception towards safety in these spheres are undeniable. Holding security in parks and resorts which has personal and social aspects seems important. Increasing the security level in such areas with increase tourists intention and willingness towards tourism activities. Safety perception in resorts has significant personal and social functions which may create in unsafety if this functions leads to dysfunctions. In urban regions، resorts have specific position and if the number and quality of these socio-cultural spheres increase، citizens find much more opportunities for their leisure time. The main purpose of the resorts are providing citizens with calmness and leisure time and holding safety in these resorts and public spheres like pars have different personal and social functions. There are many obstacles to achieve to provide citizens personal and social needs and these obstacles have led to decrease citizen safety and tranquilization. This has led to development of resentment، loneliness، grief، fear، social tension، separation from the nation and distrust and social deviance People misbehavior will affect on all visitors who came to visit these spheres. The purpose of this study is to get to know personal and social safety in resorts from to view of tourists and the related affecting factors. The nature of the subject، i. e. identifying security perception from the view of tourists required to apply survey method. This leads to apply descriptive method along with documentary studies as well as survey to study and measure the level of personal and social safety. The population of the study composes of all tourists who came to visit the city of Gorgan (Alang Dareh and Naha Khooran). To estimate the size of the sample، Quchran formula was use and 384 tourists were identified accordingly. To select the sample، purposive sampling method was applied. Face validity was used to measure the validity of the questionnaire and the reliability of the questions were measure by calculating Alpha Chronbach which was estimated. 75%. To analysis the data، different appropriate statics were utilized. Discussion and Descriptive results show that the level of personal safety (2. 94 out of 5) is less than social one (2. 66 out of 5). The results of correlation between variables showed that there was a significant relationship between personal and social safety perception with trust، personal trust، social trust and media consumption. However، the results showed no relationship between age and level of education wit safety perception. The results also showed that women felt much more security compared with men. The findings also indicated that while the level of personal safety perception was lower in Naharkooran and the level of social security was much more in Naharkhooran. The analyses of the results showed that there was a significant relationship between safety perception with social trust and between total safety perceptions with social trust. Also there was a relationship between personal and social safety. To compare with the results of the previous studies، the result shows that the findings of the current research are compatible with studies conducted by Hezrjaribi (1390)، Asemi Ahangar (1385)، Salehi Fad (1389)، Rfieyan (1388)، Sedaee (1389). These fining also are incompatible with the results of the studies carried out by Nabavi (1390). From the results of this studies can conclude that what tourists say and is known as safety perception is related with personal and social safety perception. It can be said safety perception is a kind of mentality and mental orientation of the citizens about not affecting the presence and occurrence of some events. Citizen sphere has the largest relation with people and retorts and this leads to creating identity formation and giving safety perception. The results of the study also showed that the presence of personal and social safety in surveyed resorts has positive function for tourists and developing tourism in the surveyed areas.

Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile، pristine، and relatively undisturbed natural areas، intended as a low-impact and often small scale alternative to standard commercial (mass) tourism. Its purpose may be to educate the traveler، to provide funds for ecological conservation، to directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local communities، or to foster respect for different cultures and for human rights. Since the 1980s ecotourism has been considered a critical endeavour by environmentalists، so that future generations may experience destinations relatively untouched by human intervention Climatic and atmospheric factors affect human welfare. Human beings were influenced by these circumstances directly or indirectly. Nowadays، study of atmospheric and climatic condition on human welfare and behavior is studied by a discipline entitled human bioclimatology. The relation between climate and tourism can be examined in variety of forms. In one hand، there are climatic parameters that are different from one place to another. On the other hand tourism is a multi fact phenomenon. The main reason for seasonality in tourism is climatic effects. The research try to investigate the morphodynamic attractions and welfare climatic conditions in west of Lut Desert. This is desert area with huge capability for development of tourism. The research is descriptive-analytical based on statistical models، field studies and modeling. Models of Mahoney، Guney، and Owens have been used to explore climatic welfare condition for the area. Then، the months with welfare condition and the periods with tourism attractions have been taken into account to suggest the best months for ecotourism activities. Discussion and The results indicate that the months of November، December، and March have the best climatic welfare condition for tourists. These months have the best ecotourism development in the area. The observations also show that most of the ecotourists go to the area in these periods. In addition، the area has some unique attractions such as Kalouts (a kind of yardang)، sand dunes، and Nebkas. Generally، ecotourism deals with living parts of the natural environments. Ecotourism focuses on socially responsible travel، personal growth، and environmental sustainability. Ecotourism typically involves travel to destinations where flora، fauna، and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Ecotourism is intended to offer tourists insight into the impact of human beings on the environment، and to foster a greater appreciation of our natural habitats. Responsible ecotourism programs include those that minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore، in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors، an integral part of ecotourism is the promotion of recycling، energy efficiency، water conservation، and creation of economic opportunities for local communities. For these reasons، ecotourism often appeals to advocates of environmental and social responsibility. A suitable plan for tourism can be presented in the area regarding welfare climatic conditions and ecotourism attractions. It was revealed that the months of November، December، and March are the best periods for tourism to explore in the area. Therefore، it can be recommended to advertise for tourism in these months and to provide the tourists with necessary requirements. The management can better cater to ecotourists in these months.