نشریه نامه معماری و شهرسازی
سال هشتم شماره 15 (پاییز و زمستان 1394)

Due to the separation of the theoretical and practical domains of architecture، instruction in these two domains is accomplished separately in many areas. This separation causes some complexities، the most important of which is the relationship between these two domains، specifically the effectiveness and retrieval of architectural knowledge in the process of architectural design and practice. Clarification of the process of design involves the architects، at the beginning of the design process، to adhere to a rather simple solution which Darke calls “primary generator”. One of the basic characteristics of primary generator is its figurative and pictorial identity. It is constantly accompanied with a kind of process for shaping the work which depends on the mental imagination of the designer in the first step. Then، the designer visualizes the resulting pictures through some manuscripts. Based on such approach، the theoretical concepts find visual evidences in the domain of architecture. Essentially، if an architect is not able to find a visual and architectural evidence for his mental concepts، those concepts will remain in the verbal frame or as concealed thoughts and will not enter the domain of architecture. As a consequence، the more the presentation of the pictorial dimension of the theoretical information increases، the more its identity will approach the structure of primary generator and hence، the probability of the retrieval of information will be raised with the power of mental imagination of the designer. Nowadays، theoretical instructions in the fields of art and architecture are transferred from the printed knowledge، mainly in a linear and unidirectional form; or it is done through a textbook. Considering the fact that textbooks are frequently used، this study attempts to take a new step to promote and experience caricature as one of the effective and helpful instruments in the domain of architectural expression. It also endeavors to develop a pattern for educational textbooks by utilizing caricature because it seems that based on the factors influencing learning in terms of cognitive approach، the art of caricature has many capabilities in the process of learning and transformation of learning. For this purpose، first coherent studies compatible with the main research question were done mainly focusing on design research، visual knowledge، caricature recognition and specifically، psychology of learning in cognitive approach. Then، through logical analysis and conformation of the unique characteristics of caricature to the process of learning، the recommended method was presented as a textbook. In the next step، the theoretical foundation and the instruction method obtained from library studies were tested through a quasi-experimental field study. The participants were two homogeneous groups of 15 freshmen students of architecture at Shahid Beheshti University who received three instructional points in the subject of ‘structure’ through two methods، i. e. the method recommended by the study and the university routine method. The participants in both groups were asked to take part in the simple design exam، one week after the instruction. The results were evaluated through two one was comparing the recorded verbal and visual information in the textbook exercises section with the information recorded in the final design exam and the other method was evaluation of the success of the recommended method by two experts through measuring the amount of the retrieval and observation of the points related to structure by the participants to refine the obtained results.

Qualitative environmental factors have an enormous impact on performance of the main users of educational spaces، i. e. students. Given the important impact of lighting on visual activities and also non-visual factors، such as performance of the students، mood، synchronization of the biological clock in educational environments، the level of appropriate lighting must be provided. In this field، one of the most effective qualitative environmental factors is appropriate utilization of daylight in designing educational classes. Besides improvement of student''s performance، appropriate daylight affects the health of students and leads to saving energy consumption. In the case study of this paper، the results of the objective observations and questionnaire obtained from 82 students، show that students in appropriate day-lighted classes and ateliers have more satisfaction and better performance. Also these students have more tendency to have daylight in their classrooms than artificial lighting. In this paper، the effective factors of utilization appropriate daylight in educational classes were evaluated in a case study، i. e. architecture school of Iran University of Science and Technology that is similar to other universities in terms of design principles. This evaluation is useful for physical modification of similar constructed samples and better designing of new buildings. One part of this research was related to determining the characteristics of appropriate daylight in educational spaces. In this field، required data were collected from credible sources and standards. In this context the most important indexes are daylight factor (the ratio of indoor illuminance and outdoor illuminance، which can be measured for a specific point or for an average of a space) and illuminance (in Lux and FC units). In next step، specifications of building of the case study of this research (locations and sizes of classes and ateliers and their windows and skylights)، have been identified. These spaces are simulated in lighting simulation and calculation software (DIALUX) in the next step. In this simulation، location، orientation and sizes of classes and their windows and skylights، as well as joinery and glass materials of these spaces، the geographic information (latitude and longitude) and the status of air pollution of case study location (Tehran) are considered. The results of simulation and calculation of software (DIALUX) are compared with standard characteristics of daylight in educational spaces. Finally، the factors affecting the optimal daylight on these spaces are evaluated. The results indicated very low use of artificial light is correlated with greater satisfaction and better student performance in classrooms and more natural lighting; moreover، more students tend to have natural light in the classroom and atelier. Research results show that the main problem of day-lighting in this case study is low area of windows facing north which is equal to windows area facing south. The dark colored ceiling in some classes and ateliers، crossing utilities channel from unsuitable places (over windows) and incorrect location of some classes (underground floors) are other problem of day-lighting in this case study. Also utilization of skylights is very effective on improving the quality of daylight in some ateliers. In this paper، the amount of effectiveness of each desirable/ undesirable expressed factors is presented.

Efforts of architects and engineers to reduce energy consumption in Iranian buildings have led to develop Building Code 19. It is obvious that complicated calculations especially in large scale buildings are needed for new and high quality numerical analysis software. This kind of numerical calculations can be done using some analytic software programs. The result of this strategy has led to producing some software such as «Mabna» and «BCS19» on the basis of this code. The accuracy and sensitivity of these software programs are very important in choosing the appropriate energy-saving methodology. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the level of accuracy and validity of commercially available software programs which have been developed to help building code 19 such as Mabna and BCS19. High simulation error rates endanger any optimization planning. The validation and verification (V&V) of the accuracy of the Mabna and BCS 19 simulation results is the subject of this paper. In order to achieve this goal، the black box methodology، and ALAC (Act-like-a-customer) technique were chosen to study the software validation، and abstract static analysis method has been chosen in order to study the verification of these software programs. In this technique، the researchers assume themselves as the clients and do as software users do، trying to find discrepancies in the software. A small residential building located in cold and semi-dry climate of Borujerd is chosen as case study and software simulations with Mabna and BCS 19 were carried out as well as numerical calculations based on Building Code 19. Then all the results were compared and the differences between them were analyzed. Software bugs have been studied from different aspects. In verification process، the following results were obtained: (1) both Mabna and BCS 19 had weak graphical user interface (GUI); (2) the impact of thermal bridges are not taken into account in Mabna and BCS 19; (3) Mabna software has an inappropriate way of calculating the thermal performance of the ground floor; (4) software''s thermal data was not updated; (5) both software programs had some errors in the calculation of the correction factors; (6) BCS 19 can not consider the reference values of the elements in the calculation of the total thermal power of the building; and (7) none of the software programs proposed horizontal and vertical shade sizes for the windows. The results show that total heat power of the building was 225. 3 w/K in the numerical calculations; however، it was 216 w/K in BCS19 and 366. 3 w/K in Mabna software. Regarding the fact that the sample building has only 38 m2 area، this difference will be considerable while using such software for larger scale buildings. The results also indicate that the difference between building heat power simulated by Mabna software and the reference value is 2. 5 times more than numerical calculations. These errors can lead the designer to inappropriate solutions with upper costs for building optimization; so finally، some solutions have been proposed for correcting these software programs and optimized use of them.

One of the noteworthy cases for historian researcher is ornament in architecture، which its execution is implicated in knowledge of geometry. Geometrical ornaments are subsets of Islamic architectural ornaments، and one of their examples is interlace. One of The most important and prevalent methods for drawing interlaces is radial based method which draws and divides circles into equal parts. In historical methods for applied geometrical treatises like Interlace of analogous and homogeneous shapes (originally fi tadakhole alashkale almotashabehe and almotavafeghe) which is pendant to translation of Abolvafa Boozjani’s treatise in tenth century AD، radial infrastructure is used for drawing the knots. The method of drawing is written alongside to the drawing. This method is used by Abdorahman Sufi in tenth century AD، for compass geometry which explains dividing circles into equal parts and drawing regular polygons. In this treatise، a basic method is proposed for dividing and reproducing using compass and constant aperture. In Mirza AkbarKhan’s scroll written in Qajar era، radial based approach for drawing knots is used too. Another method is Hankin’s method which in contrast uses polygons. In this technique، two lines are drawn from all side’s midpoints of all polygons. These lines cross each other like a letter x and are continued till they meet other lines of similar origins. In this paper، at first، a new method is proposed for drawing interlace using comparative analysis of the most important methods which is based on radial and Hankin’s polygon tiling and investigation their advantages and drawbacks. The proposed method is defined by direct parameters like “shamse’s” side and length of aperture. Using the proposed approach، problems of Hankin’s method، like calculation of polygon tiling based and contact angle will be solved. This proposed method can be converted into arbitrary patterns. Since the circumference of geometric ornament is more vulnerable than its center، drawing it from center and defining it parametrically can provide the possibility of drawing around parts of ornament in probable damage، which is performed in the proposed method by selecting number of sides and the length of aperture. In fact، it has been tried to promote the method of drawing geometric ornaments in Islamic architecture using computer especially with GDL written in Graphisoft ArchiCad 16. Indeed interlaces can be drawn with knowing two parameters composed of direct parameters like numbers of shamse’s side and length of aperture. The characteristic of this generating method is the fine feature for Islamic geometric ornaments which is known rarely. Presenting the process of conversion to arbitrary shapes is not easy in the first method، because radial infrastructure is a traditional method، where special points are connected to each other. Hankin’s method has more possibility for presenting this feature، but this method has its own limitations، such as selection of polygon tiling bases and contact angles before drawing interlaces. Indeed، there is not any difference among the resulting shapes in three methods. In fact the advantage of the proposed method is in simplicity for users with knowing direct parameters as numbers of shamse’s side and length of aperture for producing shapes.

With development of human societies and promotion of social needs for better living and limitations of residential space for some of them، the need for presence of social spaces becomes important. Human beings need to communicate with other، and this requires certain social spaces and in this respect، public spaces have different capabilities. However، this quality of space will not be possible without proper accountability to social needs in public spaces. Livable public spaces are generally attractive urban environments، which are highly active places and continuously visited by people during significant periods of the day. Generally، these spaces not only promote social gathering and interaction، but also invite a diversity of users and activities. Lack of such social spaces that satisfy the social needs and demands can be seen in urban spaces، especially in places which have been introduced for specific functions such as cultural، business، entertainment، services، buildings، etc. These spaces should be appropriate for providing social activities in addition to having the desired characteristics of a public space. In modern times with increased individualism، physical environment has become more important as the context of human activities in order for compensating social interactions partly، which has been lost in architectural and urban spaces and buildings. The problem of creating desired social interactions in architectural spaces and increasing its opportunities in public buildings by planners and designers underlies exploring types and levels of physical environment and its design process impact on this problem. Cultural spaces are regarded as part of public spaces that gather individuals within different spatial organizations voluntarily to perform cultural and social activities with other people. These spaces are proper places to make social interactions possible، which play an important role in creating، and reinforcing people interactions and communications with each other and with their social life. By understanding how to make social communication and its relationship with the surrounding environment، the architects and designers can be helped to properly design such spaces. This study aims to find relationships between spatial qualities and social implications including socialization. This study has two parts، review of literature in the field of sociability in public spaces that was conducted using library resources in the first part. The second part is based on the information obtained from users of the case study with a focus on cultural buildings activities that represents the linear-analytic type of case study، and follows the conventional research paper outlines، i. e. problem identification، literature review، methods، results، discussion، and conclusion. Thus، sociability was estimated based on the components of this case study through interviews and observation while the results were analyzed by investigating the spatial behaviors of users in maps. The results revealed that there is a direct relationship between the amount of socialization and physical and activity components of the built environment. These components can be effective، sometimes by themselves and sometimes in combination with each other، in the quantity and quality of socialization of public buildings. This study aimed to find relationships between spatial qualities and social implications including socialization. This study has two parts، Literature Review in the field of sociability in public spaces that were collected by using library resources in the first part. The second part is based on the information obtained from a case study users with a focus on cultural buildings activities that represents the linear-analytic type of case study، which follows the traditional research article outline: problem identification، literature review، methods، results، discussion، and conclusions. Thus، Sociability was estimated based on the components of this case study through interviews and observation while the results were analyzed by investigating the spatial behaviors of users in maps. The results revealed that there is a direct relationship between the amount of socialization and physical and activity components of the built environment. These components sometimes by themselves and sometimes in combination with each other can be effective in the quantity and quality of socialization of public buildings.

Complexity and uncertainly of cities raises some doubts about definitive and solid decisions in the field of urban design. The context of a project، as a starting point of urban design، is changing constantly in non-linear way. Moreover، various stakeholders are involved in design and realization of an urban plan. Cities are dynamic systems. Their configuration، spatial and social characteristics are the result of a large number of factors that are in some way involved in، or influence، the way a settlement is built، as well as its dynamics. Contrary to the critical tendency directed towards planning methods، the majority of the existing tools are still destined for the design of urban plans in the traditional layout. In all cases the aim is to produce a fixed layout for top-down implementation in a particular area. Traditional urban plans have definitive design systems، without the flexibility required to deal with the complexity and change that characterize contemporary urban societies. To provide urban plans with increased flexibility، a design methodology is proposed capable of producing various design solutions instead of a specific definitive design. Therefore the objective of urban design needs to move from static design of a specific layout towards complex and dynamic design of generic solutions. The structure of environmental information has the potential to be transformed into design parameters. Parametric urban design method would make it possible to change environmental information in each step of design process and the result would change in accordance with new inputs. This characteristic of parametric design method will make it possible for designers to know their design consequence each time they make a new design decision. The aim of this research is to investigate the potential and benefits of parametric urban design method. Then a neighborhood is designed using parametric design method. The structure of the paper consists of two parts: the theoretical studies and the design process. The design area is a part of neighborhood in Iran، Kashan city. Considering the organic urban texture of Kashan city and the fragmentation between new and old urban textures caused by modern thoughts، the creation of design consistent with context is of importance. It would help to create new context as a connector and simultaneously coordinator of old and new urban textures. So in this study، the main elements of design have been developed based on lynch and Alexander theories، then by defining parameters in the Rhino Grasshopper software، a flexible scheme for the neighborhood has been designed. The defined design system is dynamic and will update with each input change. The design is based on information and complex interrelation and creation of final scheme is in accordance with existing urban texture، so the process would be recursive and planners and public participation in the urban design process would be possible. The approach shown here is responsible for creating an environment which enhances awareness of the impacts of design decisions throughout a progressively evolving urban design process.

One of the problems that most of the developing countries encounter with is the regional disparities or spatial inequalities. Regional disparity means divergence or inequality of characters، a phenomenon or a process of having specific territorial allocation that occurs at least in two entities of the territorial structure. Increased regional disparities lead the society to political unrest and cause irregular immigrations. Therefore، spatial inequality leads to many negative consequences. Thus reducing regional inequalities in order to achieve justice should be seriously considered by policy-makers and planners. Therefore، countries are seeking for development based on justice and equality. After the Islamic Revolution in Iran، eliminating regional disparities has been emphasized in national policies like Vision 1404، Islamic Republic of Iran''s Constitution، 5-year development plans etc. The purpose of this paper is to examine the problem of regional disparities in Hamedan and Markazi provinces in Iran. These two neighboring provinces have many differences with one another. Hamedan is one of the country''s agricultural hubs and Markazi province is a major industrial pole in the country. Moreover their population density، rate of urbanization، share of GDP، migration flows، environmental status etc. are different. This research tends to measure regional disparities among these two provinces. Identifying regional disparities as a multidimensional phenomenon، enables governmental and non-governmental organizations to identify backward areas and consider programs to fill the gap among the different areas of these regions. Sustainable development has been chosen as research''s theoretical framework and regional disparities indicators have been extracted based on economic، social and environmental dimensions. For evaluation of disparities، multivariate statistical methods such as factor and cluster analysis have been applied. Economic indicators have been divided into two categories: employment structure and economic potentials. Socio-cultural indicators have been divided into three categories: demographics، socio-cultural infrastructures and health conditions. Environmental indicators have been divided into two categories: environmental potentials and environmental hazards. In sum، based on the conceptual model، in order to measure regional disparities، 40 indicators were selected from the review of related literature and taking into account regional characteristics and also data availability. These indicators were entered into a factor analysis model and 32 indicators and seven factors، which were highly correlated with regional disparities among these two provinces were extracted. These seven factors include: economic potentials and employment in economic sectors، employment structure، demographics and literacy status، health conditions، cultural characteristics، environmental features and forest lands. Then counties were clustered into five levels by cluster analysis. Mahallat county in Markazi province is the most developed township while Kabudar Ahang county in Hamedan province is the least developed one. Based on the outcome of the development level of Hamedan and Markazi’s counties، disparities among the two provinces were analyzed. The result showed that in three dimensions of development (economic، social and environment) Markazi province is more developed than Hamedan and their disparity is significant. It can be said the counties with their economy based on industry and services are more developed than agriculture-based counties.

The key issues in this paper is identifying key stakeholders، investigating stakeholders'' interests، identifying patterns and contexts of interactions between them and، of course، assessing key stakeholders'' power resources in policy-making process for Tehran strategic-structural comprehensive plan. So، we focus on key stakeholders'' power analysis in policy-making process of Tehran comprehensive plan. We assume that reasons which cause Tehran to have had several problems، whether before or after preparation of comprehensive plan، refer to inequality and imbalance of stakeholders'' powers in policy-making for Tehran comprehensive plan. Therefore، we try to find the reasons behind such stakeholder''s power imbalance. The approach of this study is considering urban governance which provides context for collective decision-making، some manners of stakeholders'' participation in urban decision-making process in addition to achieving corporate interests. The key concepts we study about in this paper include: urban policy-making process، power، urban power and urban governance. Urban governance as the approach of this study can help us understand the distribution of power among stakeholders، and if we observe the imbalance of power distribution، urban governance can provide some functional and structural solutions - i. e. a set of policies، institutions and processes - to gear toward improving the capabilities of all stakeholders in urban planning and policy-making process and to tackle inequalities. The problem is distortion of urban power balance among key stakeholders who are engaged in process of policy-making in Tehran comprehensive Plan، which threats different dimensions of quality of life in Tehran. Methodology of this study include: using descriptive-analytical methods، studying the library sources and documents in theoretical framework and analytical model of this research as well as conducting 22 semi-structured interviews with experts in Tehran urban management regarding the case study and analyzing derived data based on open coding method. The results of this study show that policy-making process of Tehran comprehensive Plan has been faced with two types of monopolism، (1) institutional and functional monopoly in urban power، where this type of monopoly refers to urban power institutions and consists of some kinds، such as technocratic or science based monopoly; (2) structural monopoly caused by imposing and eroding structures of urban management system، and this type of monopoly consists of political، economic، social-cultural and legal dimensions، which is imposed on urban management institutions. Therefore، urban management institutions have to operate within centralized and monopolistic urban management structure. These two types of monopolies reinforce each other and their consequences distort the balance of the environment and process of Tehran urban management. Furthermore، this situation destroys public interests and creates several challenges for future. Therefore، we argue that two types of monopolies cause several challenges in different levels of Tehran urban management، first institutional and functional monopoly and second، structural monopoly. As a result، we believe that reinforcing structures and processes of urban governance in addition to developing the stakeholders'' capacity-building are key steps to undermine these two monopolies.

Natural disasters، such as the 2003 Bam earthquake، affect person-place bonds، particularly peoples’ place attachment. Many of post-earthquake reconstruction projects have been carried out based on a mainly physical approach to provide shelters with little consideration for the emotional bonds between persons-places. Recent sociological studies in Bam indicate neither residents'' satisfaction with their new built environment has been achieved، nor the mental issues of grief and disruption in attachment to their settlement in Bam post-earthquake reconstruction have come to the end. It seems that، the development of an appropriate urban design theoretical frameworks is needed to identify the necessary concepts for re-establishing «place attachment» in the reconstruction process. These concepts help fostering the survivors'' affection with their environment and eventually enhance the environmental quality. Four years past the completion of reconstruction process، Bam reconstruction experience has provided an opportunity to identify the effective components involved in re-establishing «neighborhood attachment» based on understanding and interpretation of the residents’ views. This paper intends to propose a theory to explain the residents’ understandings and evaluations of the post-earthquake reconstruction efforts. The research methodology is a qualitative one and the «grounded theory» method، based on Strauss & Corbin (1998)، is adopted to build a theory. In other words، the theory is not built through hypothesis testing، but is a data-driven entity based on field study. The data collection is conducted through semi-structured interviews and the Bam’s document reviews; where 45 people aged 25-65 years old living in Emamzade Zeyd and Ghasre Hamid neighborhoods were interviewed in depth. These participants were selected via snowball sampling method to have theoretical saturation. The findings show that in post-earthquake reconstructions: «place attachment» re-establishment at neighborhood scale is in line with and a subsequent to «home» attachment and «city» attachment. Moreover، re-establishing neighborhood attachment، as returning to the past، is explained through a theory comprising three sets of categories، i. e. «conditional categories،”» interactive categories،” and «consequential categories». This phenomenon is derived from the «neighborhood bond to Arg and Nakhlestan»، «home as survival point»، «life facilitation،» and «social bonds.» The residents'' reactions include the sense of «life continuity»، «memory-making” and» self-expression” in the neighborhoods. The consequence of this affective bond has a dual function. On one hand، it has led to «nostalgia» and «hope for life» and on the other hand، «non-acceptance» of the reconstructed home forms and relationship restriction with non-local residents are considered as the negative consequences. This built theory confirms the importance of «place identity» and «place dependence» as the «place attachment” components، although socio-demographic indicators played little role in the theory due to the qualitative character of the research. This study emphasizes the importance of re-establishing» place attachment «in reconstruction policy-making and planning. That is to say، high-quality reconstruction of the homes، settlements، and the main city elements inspired by the past should be the first priority and then،» life facilitating «and “reinforcing social networks» is recommended to be considered in future planning. Furthermore، “revitalizing past memories” and «hope to the future» can also result in a deeper bond among the residents in their neighborhoods.