نشریه نامه معماری و شهرسازی
سال نهم شماره 17 (پاییز و زمستان 1395)

The main goal of healthcare facility providers and designers is to create a healing environment. The concept of healing in the current century has led to significant changes in the design of healthcare environments and has positive effects on recovery process. The influence of colors and their impacts on the mind and the body of human have been proven in different ways and the proper use and misuse of them has many positive and negative effects on our lives. Various studies is done in the field of the impacts of colors on the human mind and body, creating joy and depression, and physical and mental balance. The color also has an important role in improving qualities of space and way-finding. A hospital is a building in which the color can be used as an effective architectural element for users who are generally patients. Basically, colors and their impacts on patients have been paid less attention to in new healthcare and medical centers. If we use colors in proper way in hospitals and medical centers, from micro to macro scale, we could increase mental focus and comfortable feeling in the environment and also increase more desire to stay with scientific and principle-centered planning. Color has inevitable impacts on patients’ morale. Color can create a situation that is actually curable, i.e. it leads to self-confidence and keeps fear of the patients’ mind away. Color therapists and medical professionals presented unique treatments in the field of health, especially mental health. Knowing how to use color, as a factor in recovery, reducing fear and anxiety, improving patient’s comfort and creating a friendly atmosphere are the main aims of this research. This research tries to pay more attention to patients who have been hospitalized for long periods, children and people with mental health problems who have specific needs. This paper was based on literature review and content analysis of theoretical foundation of this research, observation, data collection through questionnaires from Tehran Imam Khomeini Hospital inpatients; then, it proposed appropriate solutions through analysis and evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the design, and presented how to use color in some parts of a hospital in which colors play an important role in the physical and psychological impacts. When using colors for patients, we should consider emotional, psychological and physical impacts on their health. Choosing the proper color can lead to increased protection of health in hospitals. Discussion seeks to answer the question of "what is the role of color in accelerating the process of recovery?" The path will be: the concept of colors, color impacts on physical and mental illness with two approaches to disease progression and treatment and its application in architecture which have healthcare functions. Finally, satisfaction of Imam Khomeini Hospital inpatients from colors used in the hospital has been studied and then the table of colors is proposed for the designers. Finally, it is hoped that the present paper may help in clarifying issues related to the application of the principles of color in architecture and specifically design of hospitals.

Home as a dwelling of family is highly effective on the behavior and family members’ relationship with together. In this case, designing the home’s interior space interactions, on the basis of separated private, semi-private and non-private space zones that is called “Home Space Design”, can highly affect the relationship between family members. Home space design model has faced a rapid change through the period of modern evolution. The changing culture of this design model is noticed through the current changes of relations between family members in comparison with the past. This case has been highly effective on home design and its education. Understanding home space design according to family members’ relationship parameters in Islam is so important that can affect the improvement of content in student’s design. Undergraduate students are usually facing with a conflict in spatial relations of today’s residential space design and the previous one, and therefore, offer their design ideas on the grounds of personal creativity and aesthetic cognition of their design tutors. This turns the design process into an independent, individually oriented process. This study aims to present a model for teaching residential design, and to create relationship between content and design based on this model, with regards to the differentiations of private, semi-private and non-private space zones in residential interior spaces (Home Space Design Model), and this will be carried out on the basis of family relations in Islam. This model can connect the content of family relationship in Islam with home interior space design. To achieve the study’s aim, environmental behavior study (EBS) of Amos Rapoport was adapted with family relations from Islamic viewpoint. Although Islamic viewpoint is basis of this study for presented home space design, however, use of environmental behavior study (EBS) of Amos Rapoport created possibility for adapting this model for a different cultures. Environmental behavior study of Amos Rapoport has noticed the importance of cultural differences for designing and content of it. In this paper, a suggested model was designed with regards to the Islamic content in the boundaries of Islamic-Iranian concept according to Rapoport’s model. The research results were then confirmed by residential design experts, through interviews and questionnaires, and by use of Delphi Method. In the next step, proficiency examination of this model, introduced as an educational tool for home space design model, in the first design studio, was carried out for two undergraduate student groups of analysis and control. Finally, the selected static samples of both groups were examined and confirmed by five residential design experts to validate this analysis. Results show that the analysis group designed their home space system with regard to Islamic thought about family relationship by high percentage, whereas no much difference is noticed in creativity and aesthetic aspects of both examined groups. This shows that although aesthetic aspect of a residence is not independent from its home space design model, the realization of a fine comprehensive design education is achievable through a detailed compliance with the suggested model’s priorities.

In Safavid era, some royal gardens have been created in Ashraf Al-Belad, a city that was established to replace an old residential village, in north of Iran which some traces of them are remained to the present time. One of these gardens is Bagh-e Shah that was built by Shah Abbas Safavi as Divan-Khaneh, a place for visiting ambassadors, contemporary with Ashraf Al-Belad’s foundation. However, development of cities, their non-normative and partly uncontrollable updates, causes changes in the historic buildings’ view. Taking historic monuments into consideration as important urban elements, which give identity to the cities, is one of the best ideas for developing old cities. A modern developed city can be successful in introducing its authenticity as much as possible by revealing the concealed values of such monuments. Nonetheless, when modern urban movements began in Iran, authenticity of these monuments was sacrificed for improving function in some cases. Such negligence could be more important when planned around some organic monuments such as gardens, which changes their features or ultimately even destructs its construction. It is clear that inattentiveness to historic and esthetic values of such monuments in urban planning exposes them to destruction risk. This problem is so important for historic gardens, because of their organic construction. On the other hand, elements that form the features of a garden are inevitably so changeable themselves. Withering of flowers, fading of trees and growing of unwanted wild plans are some of such damages, which can convert features of a garden due to carelessness. So, this historic garden has been changed in its long life such extensively that today, it seems to be a modern park rather than a Persian garden. Bagh-e Shah which was established by Shah Abbas in Ashraf al-Belad, changed during its life frequently. It was burned In Afghan's invasion, rebuilt by Nader Shah-e Afshar, and repaired in Qajar era substantially. Nonetheless, its geometric order, aged trees array and irrigation system etc. which remained until now, remind us of a general image of a Persian garden. Meanwhile, conservation and urban planning without considering the original construction of this garden can induce an incorrect perception of its true nature. On the other hand, inattentiveness to such noteworthy historic gardens and converting their features to a modern park result in irreparable damage and elimination vestiges of its genuine face as a document of historic background of the city. Therefore, Bagh-e shah as an important sample of Safavid gardening tradition and also as one of the characteristic elements of the city, is an important subject. Though major parts of the garden have changed, it is assumed that retrieving its main form and structure is still possible based on remained documents and literature. Since new features of Bagh-e Shah has created an illusory imagination of it, this paper has tried to provide the general shape and true structure of this garden by surveying the remained parts of it and studying the historical documents and literature that has discussed about this garden. In fact, this paper tries to identify the original features of this garden and its evolution over the time according to field research and historical documents.

Wind is one of the climatic factors which can be affected by the urban development. Wind speed, wind direction, air pollution, rain, radiation and daylight are all examples of physical aspects that constitute the outdoor climate, and that are changed by the presence of the buildings. The change of these quantities depends on the shape, size, and orientation of the building and on the interaction of the building with the surrounding buildings and other obstacles such as trees etc. In particular near high-rise buildings, high wind velocities are often produced at pedestrian level that can be experienced as uncomfortable or even dangerous situations. The wind speed at pedestrian level results from the complex wind flow pattern around a building. Studies of pedestrian wind environment consequently involve the study of building’s aerodynamics in general. Pedestrian comfort in sidewalks, entrances, plazas, and terraces is often an important design parameter that needs to be considered by the building owner and architect. Assessment of the acceptability of the pedestrian-wind environment is desirable during the project design phase so that modifications can be made, if necessary, to improve areas found to be excessively windy. Therefore, the design of a building should not only focus on the building envelope and on providing suitable indoor environment, but should also include the impact of the design on the outdoor environment. The outdoor environment of a building, in particular in terms of wind, has received relatively little attention in the building physics community. Most investigations were based on wind tunnel experiments and the building configuration being most extensively studied is two square-plan building models placed in different relative positions. Earlier studies used rigid models where mean wind pressures and wind forces were measured. Dynamic behaviors are important for tall buildings so that in later studies, wind-induced dynamic response and loading of buildings were investigated. The aim of the present paper is twofold: it is an attempt (1) to stimulate the interest of the building physics community for the problem of wind nuisance around buildings, (2) to indicate the need for further research efforts. The present paper addresses building physicists and focuses on the outdoor wind environment for pedestrians. For this aim, first the typical wind flow pattern around buildings and the related wind environment at pedestrian level are discussed. Second, CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations of building aerodynamics have been performed. A numerical model based on the compressible flow equations has been used to simulate the pedestrian wind fields around the programmed tall buildings in Sahand neighborhood located in Eastern Azarbaijan, Iran. Since numerical model can provide the detailed flow field data, it has a great advantage compared with the wind tunnel experiment in evaluating the wind impacts on pedestrian and other environmental issues accurately. By modeling parallel buildings with a passage in between in four different shapes and comparing the results with Beaufort scale, we could improve the wind situation at pedestrian level.

A medical space is evaluated to have a direct impact on the ecosystem of its surroundings based on type of its application and for being classified as environmental pollutant spaces. Such environments, considering today’s world movement towards achieving the goal of sustainable development, is classified among the most significant spaces that require to comply with architectural design and principles of environmental sustainability. In the meantime, using green architecture approach based on the global principles which are codified in the international standards of architectural design and environmental structure of the medical spaces as an applicable model in order to create an architectural sustainable environment, are considered as the most significant and effective strategies. Thus, it seems necessary to consider the possibility of using natural environment potential as well the region-specific ecosystem conditions. This study which belongs to the clean environment field, has been performed using the mixed methods with considering the regulation of the LEED global standards as evaluation basis and has attempted to revise the classification of the indexes related to this regulations based on ecosystem characteristics in a particular region, i.e. Mashhad metropolis. To achieve this, at first, the regional and environmental characteristics of Mashhad metropolis have been investigated, based on their strengths and weaknesses in biological resources and social conditions, aiming to identify the features of sustainable medical space plan in the regional scale. Then, evaluation measures of green hospital in the reference regulation - LEED - has been explained, and the basic indexes in the scale of the studied region – as the health hub in the east of Iran - has been investigated using qualitative analysis research method with the purpose of defining their importance level. Quantitative measurement, related to each section of indexes, has been performed for section sub-indexes based on adapted published statistical data, available in official documents, considering the Master Plan for development of Mashhad as the period of effective time. First, the effectiveness of each index is calculated based on the basic check-list. In order to make this possible, determination of the new weights of criteria, which are in the check-list of the standard-based regulation - LEED – has been adjusted to ecosystem conditions. Then the sub-criteria of accreditation for each assessment index and par statistical indicators, aligned with ecological concepts and indexes, have been derived from the official collection of data items. Using the extracted data, average annual growth rate of each of the par statistical indicators is determined in percent. The ultimate impact has been calculated based on the number and percentage of the predicted ideals during selected as the optimal number, which due to the less difference determines more speed in development of the related section. This means that less effort is required to achieve the ideal situation. Finally, according to the final findings, a new classification of basic evaluation table - LEED - has been offered for designing green medical space in Mashhad metropolis, based on the level of effectiveness indexes and ecosystem characteristics of Mashhad.

The term “resilience” was first introduced by Holling (1973) in “Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems” from an environmental viewpoint. This concept has been gradually developed during time and its focus has changed from merely ecological aspects to social-ecological aspects. In early 1990s the attention has been primarily paid to resiliency in urbanization. Although some believes that to achieve a resilient city means a utopia, but in reality the differences between resiliency rates of cities against various crises demonstrate that making conditions in order to improve resiliency is feasible. Many researches about resiliency have already been conducted focusing on security improvement, but not on the social issues and human relations with place. However, the experiences of crises occurred in the recent decades have obviously emphasized on the role of human in the resiliency of cities. Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans in 2005, and Sandy Hurricane in 2012, all indicated that the reconstruction process of cities and villages in each of abovementioned examples has been done with a diverse rapidity. These differences was due to people involvement, different social capital as well as the discrepancy in social resiliency in various areas. It can be inferred that the social resiliency makes societies experience the same events but in different ways. Moreover, it can be said that the social resiliency includes conditions in which the people and the social groups are adapted to the environmental changes. In fact, it represents the society’s power of identity in order to react to the crises. There is a highly close relationship between social resiliency and place characteristics due to the fact that all the social events occur within geographical environment and location coordinates. The main goal of this study was to understand the effective components in improving the social aspect of resiliency of the neighborhoods through urban design. In this regard, the documentary and library methodologies were initially used through organized review of the related resources in order to identify the main criteria of the social resiliency using qualitative methodology and the mixture of “theory-research” and “research-theory” strategies. Then, the conceptual model of the social resiliency was developed by deductive methodology. Consequently, the neighborhood of Jolfa in the city of Isfahan was chosen for the case study. The urban design-related factors focusing on social resiliency were then inferred based on each subject type by physical and social typology and through half-organized interviews, and also by means of inductive content analysis. Finally, with regard to the relative commonalities among extracted factors in various types, the factors were categorized in six general categories. The results of the study show that considering the factors such as environmental quality improvement, identity, flexibility, inclusiveness, learning spaces, and social interactions in the neighborhoods design leads to the social resiliency development.

The quality of life as a concept influenced by growth of urbanization, has affected global and humanitarian issues. Moreover, urban development and its consequences led to urban quality of life which is a different phenomenon with initial social and psycho origins of quality of life. Urban quality of life is measurable in both subjective and objective aspects. The subjective aspect emphasizes on perception of people and satisfaction of citizens from urban environment and the objective aspect is achievable using existing secondary data. Literature review shows the importance of physical and environmental aspects of the quality of life in urban planning, so it is crucial to select appropriate indicators and variables. Regarding the importance of residential satisfaction in the framework of quality of life, this research aims to survey and measure subjective physical-environmental quality of life. The main goals of this research are as follows: (1) surveying physical and environmental quality of life; (2) developing factors and indicators of physical and environmental quality of life; and (3) measuring subjective physical and environmental quality of life in Iran’s mid-sized cities. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the combination of main criteria and indicators in literature review. Selection of indicators and variables depends on accessibility to data and characteristics of mid-sized cities in Iran. They are categorized into physical and environmental aspects. The physical aspect includes three groups: access, transportation and housing. According to spatial plan of Iran that is the grand document, middle-sized cities have 250-500 thousand population. Iran has 14 middle-sized cities that four of them are in Tehran province. Based on 2011 census data, three middle-sized city, Qazvin, Gorgan and Kashan, have been selected among these cities by simple sampling method. By introducing 30 indicators, the level of resident’s satisfaction has been inferred in three middle-sized cities in Iran. The questionnaires completed by interviews and the whole number of questionnaires in cities were 1078 ones. First, 30 questionnaires were tested to resolve ambiguities and faults. It has been considered that interviews to be performed with various range of gender and age groups in different times of a day. Answers were in Likert scale ranging 1-5. For measuring questionnaire results, data entered into Access software and changed into quantitative data by Excel. Using SPSS software and Factor Analysis method, main factors and acceptable indicators were identified as environmental, access to services, access to educational land uses, transportation and housing. Results show that physical and environmental quality of life is affected by environmental factor more than any other one. The importance of housing is in the lowest rate comparing with other factors. Total quality of life score implies that satisfaction is higher in Kashan (0.6) than Qazvin (0.545) and Gorgan (0.540). Comparison between factor’s scores clarifies that although the level of satisfaction is different in cities, but they are all in medium range of satisfaction. Since the decisions and actions of urban planners have significant impact on citizen’s quality of life, so identification and analysis of such problems can provide useful information for planners to improve urban quality of life.

Paying attention to adolescents (age 12-19 years old) among other users of urban spaces is very important, because this group compared with other groups, is more sensitive and vulnerable, and threatened by many risks and social injuries. They also have high interest in friendships, so they spend plenty of time at neighborhood spaces. However, unfortunately in recent years, because of technology development and changing adolescents’ leisure patterns, the total time of their presence in urban spaces, and their experience of objective spaces and face to face connections has become more limited. On the other hand, nowadays it is believed that dominant approaches and urban regulations have led to various social, economic, age and gender-based discrimination among citizens, and based on such discriminations the major parts of the public and active spaces in the city have been allocated to adults so kids and teenagers have become marginalized. Therefore in this study, by relying on the basic conception of Ecological Models - indicating the significant role of environmental responsiveness and environmental qualities on communication between environment and users - we tend to identify adolescents and their needs in urban spaces, and explore the status of the Azadi street in Karaj city in order to address these needs. In this regard after constructing the theoretical framework (through the point of view of different theorists in this field), in order to assess the status of Azadi street and its efficiency and level of responsiveness to such needs, 250 questionnaires were distributed among adolescents and collected later in the neighborhood, which their total size is 7138 people according to information obtained from Statistical Center of Iran. The reliability of questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha (0.81), due to its usefulness, there is no need to change or remove any questions. Finally, data has been analyzed through descriptive and analytical statistics (exploratory factor analysis). Factor analysis is known as a model that aims to summarize data by combining environmental characteristics with natural and synthetic data sets. In other words, factor analysis refers to a set of statistical techniques that their common objective is to provide a set of variables in terms of fewer hypothetical variables. Results show that 11% of adolescents visit this street for their unnecessary activities every day, and 73% of them once or several times a week. Most adolescents’ highest level of satisfaction with this street is because of its short distance from their schools, shopping centers and retail markets, and appropriate lightening of the street at nights. The lowest level of their satisfaction with the street was because of the lack of sport facilities, water elements, bicycle paths, and possibility of adolescents’ participation in activities and maintenance of space. Also the results of factor analysis show that according to adolescents’ point of view, "attractiveness and mobility", "convenience and comfort", and "warmth and intimacy" have a greater priority and influence on defining its efficiency and responsiveness.

Increased speed of life has changed the cities in different ways and has caused many consequences. One of them is heating intensity in the cities compared with their surroundings. Heating stress has some different impacts on residents, from residents’ health to economic consequences. Their health is in danger because of thermal stress, greenhouse gasses, and pollution, and there would be economic consequences upon people’s life, due to increasing energy consumption. Thus, controlling urban temperature is an important factor in the design process. Urban design with its tools including urban morphology can play an imperative role in the passive cooling design. Isfahan has been selected with regard to its climate and hot summers, its urban changes in recent years and droughts. The thermal impact of changing urban morphology is an object of this study. Two phases have been designed in this study. In the first phase, comparison of land surface temperature, LST, were conducted in years 2000 and 2014 in Isfahan. In this regard, satellite images of Landsat 7, ETM in Envi 4.7 were used. Six districts were selected with maximum differences in LST between the years of 2000 and 2014. The changes in the natural environment have been studied by urban greenery and water, and built environment including sky view factor, closeness and materials. In the second phase of the study, a field measurement was conducted in the coolest and the hottest districts. Selecting a base point in each area and comparing the measurement points with this reference point illustrated the morphological impact in each point. The increasing of 562 ha of the hot spaces of the city (>40°C) in 14 years of study illustrated that the city had clearly become warmer. Furthermore, the maximum alterations were seen in urban greenery (NDVI) and water, which emphasizes their impact on heating of the city. Due to drying up the main river of the city, i.e. Zayandeh Rood, and its branches, i.e. Madies, the thermal surface has increased dramatically. Besides, decreased water has affected different parameters in thermal comfort. Moreover, 14% decrease of urban greenery has an important role in increase of surface and air temperature. The consequence of changing urban greenery and its thermal impact in some districts with more vegetation in 2014 than 2000 and some districts with less greenery have been approved in this study. In-built environment parameters, the vacant land or a large areas of asphalt like large squares were two important factors, especially in surface temperature. These impacts in the historical district of Isfahan, created very hot points in this areas. Inferior materials for insulations were another factor which has affected the LST. Sky view factor as an undeniable factor in thermal comfort has been changed between 2000 and 2014. Although in some districts the SVF has decreased, mainly by increasing the height of buildings, in other districts the SVF have increased due to cutting the shading trees. Decreasing SVF especially by shading trees is recommended in this study. The most important result of this study is showing the impact of urban designer’s role in heat mitigation in the cities by controlling urban morphology.