فصلنامه سیاست های راهبردی و کلان
پیاپی 10 (تابستان 1394)

The objective of this study is to analyze impact of various types of government expenditures on poverty reduction in Iran. Estimation is based on time series data 1981-2012، using a system of equations including variables affecting poverty. The system equations include poverty، labor productivity، employment، wage، access to facilities (Electricity، pipe water، and telephone)، educational attainment، and life expectancy that according to simultaneity and diagonality of variance –covariance matrix of residual tests has been estimated with “three stage least square” method. Different types of public spending may have differential effects on poverty reduction. Therefore، government expenditures are disaggregated into different types: social affairs (education، health، social security، housing، rural community development and urban community development) and economic affairs (including roads، telecommunications، water، roads، and electricity). Marginal effects of public spending on poverty are calculated. The results reveal that public investments on health، education، social security، and economic infrastructure (including roads and telecommunications)، still have positive and significant marginal impacts on poverty reduction and totally spending on social sectors is more likely to benefit the poor than are other types of expenditure.

The increasing importance of energy resources in the growth of economic activity and the need to take advantage of this valuable resource, highlights identification and study factors that influence energy consumption. In this paper, the effect of foreign trade on energy consumption has been studied for 9 members of ECO during the period 1994-2011. In order to estimate the specified model, panel cointegration techniques with the dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) approach is used. The estimation results suggest that the variables of foreign trade (exports and imports), income and population have positive and significant impact on energy consumption, while the impact of oil prices and advances in technology is negative. Also, to further clarify the details of the results, in addition to a general review of foreign trade (exports and imports), two separate models are estimated for exports and imports. The results indicate a significant and positive impact of exports and imports on energy consumption separately. Wherease, the impact of exports is more than imports.

According to the Rodrik theory (1998) under the Rodrik hypothesis, economic globalization can increase the government size. In this context, this article tries to presents a conceptual model of the factors affecting the government size and it empirical test through panel cointegration analysis with cross-sectional dependency and continuously-updated and fully-modified method (Cup-FM) (proposed by Bai et al (2009)) by using data from 8 developing and islamic countries in D8 group, review relationship between economic globalization and government size. For this purpose, is used the economic aspects of KOF globalization as an indicator of economic globalization. These aspects include the actual flows of trade, including trade, foreign direct investment and portfolio investment and trade barriers such as tariffs and restrictions on real flows. The results show a positive impact of economic globalization on the government size and thus confirm the Roderick hypotheses for the countries studied. Other results of this study indicate a positive and significant influence on the government size of GDP per capita (confirmed the Wagner’s low) and democracy net and it negative influence of degree of urbanization.

Resources Scarcity is one of the most important problem in the whole world and a large number of futurologists state it as a big challenge in future life. The consumption topic and optimized consuming of the limited resources have mentioned in many researches and essays. But a macro and integrated model of resources consumption management has not presented yet. This paper describes how we can design a model within and across the principles dimensions and interaction patterns and approaches along to Islamic culture factors through an ISM. Islamic culture presents some unique and great factors which can be used for developing and improving the quality of the macro consumption model. The final model will be an innovative model which can be used by societies and has implications for future researches. The results and finding show the rank of model’s levels which can be interpreted for an Islamic nation like Iran.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the feasibility and impact of import and export prices to changes in exchange rates in Iran.For this purpose, using the model of jarita Duasa, 2008 and also using periodical information 1369-1390, the effect of exchange rate on the manner of chronological series. Technique used in these way is named vector error correction model (VECM)and sources of oscillation of the price of imports and exports are analyzed by variance decomposition analysis(VDC(and finally using impulse response the effect of received shocks is inspected. The results show that the converter with a delay interval has a positive effect on the price of imports and exports. The results of the Johansen test mass at the critical level of 5%, the long-run equilibrium relationship is confirmed. Analysis of variance indicated that exchange rate fluctuations have a low share of export prices, but about one-fourth of import prices due to exchange rate fluctuation is. This confirms the results of the impulse response and shock indicates that the converter enters will have more impact on import prices.

Geneally, the Pareto Principle of Income Distribution referred to this reality that, the majority of wealth belongs to a minor portion of the nation. On the other hand, assuming a constant saving rate, the Solow model leaves little attention to tax policy for its impact on economic growth. The main purpose of this study was to find out the effectiveness of different type of taxes on economic growth through improving the situation of income distribution for the period 1975-2012. The results show that variables including inflation, unemployment and gross domestic product (GDP) have negative effects on GINI index and cause unequal income distribution, while variables like taxes, literacy, GDP and the ratio of government constructive expenditures on current expenditures have positive effects on GINI index and improve income distribution index. Meantime, since GDP and squared GDP have significant and positive effect on GINI index in both models, Kuznets's U-Inverted Curve hypothesis is confirmed.

Extension of democracy in world’s modern systems, shows collective dimensions in societies. Election as the most prominent and most popular component of legation democracy, needs most participation by population. Values of one group as immaterial capitals are very important and cause continuation and stability of the group, name such values social capital. Election as one collective action can’t empty of this capital. Effective alterations in current elective process can be effected for increasing social capital. In this article with retrospective view to current process of Islamic council parliament election, showing the model based on breaking down defined and fixed boundary in electoral areas, and floating these boundaries that determinate based on attention to population changes, level of developmentally in each provincial region, and items such as regions’ ethnicities, until caused upgrading level of social capital. The main question in this research is showing how effecting of floating electoral areas boundary on increase of political trust and Iranian’s election participation by analytical and descriptive method.