فصلنامه مطالعات روان شناسی ورزشی
پیاپی 22 (زمستان 1396)

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of mental fatigue on the emergence of especial skill in basketball. The study was a kind of descriptive correlational studies and was an applied research in terms of objective that was performed recruiting university basketball in three levels of mental fatigue (low, medium and high). The subjects (8 person per group) had 210 throws from seven angles (the angles of 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120 and 135 degrees) that conducted 30 throws from any angle in three levels of mental fatigue. The regression results showed the existence of especial skill in the performance of all three groups. Low mental fatigue Group also had better performance than the rest of groups. In conclusion, with the emergence of especial skills with mental fatigue, remain in force specialized parameterization, yet the especial skill emerged.

The purpose of this study was the chronometry of mental imagery types among skilled and unskilled swimmers. It was a quasi-experimental with a two-group time-series design. The participants included 30 male swimmers who were selected using simple random sampling. The error in time estimation of 100-meter front crawl imagery was measured. Data were analyzed using factorial repeated measure analysis of variance in 95% confidence level. Results showed that skilled swimmers encountered overestimation in the timing of imagery, whereas unskilled swimmers encountered underestimation. The skilled group compared to unskilled counterparts had higher accuracy in their imagery. Both skilled and unskilled groups spent similar time for internal and external visual imagery, but the duration of kinesthetic imagery was higher than visual imagery. According to the results, the need for controlling of timing error in mental imagery interventions for optimizing of swimmers’ performance remains debated.

The aim of the present research was to determine the psychometric properties of the behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire (BRSQ). In total, 522 athletes (223 men and 299 women) with age ranged 16-44 years old completed the questionnaire. It was used Cronbach's Alpha coefficient to estimate the internal consistency of scores from each subscale. The time reliability of this questionnaire was assessed by examining test- retest method. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the validity of this scale.The results indicate the lack of goodness of fit for initial model of this scale (24 items). Then, after removing two factors, analyses supported the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity of the questionnaire. In conclusion, the Persian version of the behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire (adjusted model of 16 items) can be used as an appropriate tool for athletes in the Iranian society.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic skill training on performance of orienting network of attention. Therefore, 20 sedentary students from University of Tabriz with an age range of 19 to 25 years old were selected using the convenience sampling and divided into two groups of the experimental and control. Training intervention for 16 sessions was performed on the experimental group, but the control group didn’t receive any intervention. Attention Network Test was used for data collection. For data analysis, the Univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) method was used. The results showed no significant difference between two groups in orienting network of attention. Therefore, it can be concluded that effect of exercise on cognition has been selective and depends on the nature of cognitive functions and their related brain substrates.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of instructional and motivational overt self-talk on basketball free throw skill learning. A total of 60 volunteers based on pre-test scores were matched into three groups. Participants in motivational and instructional overt self-talk groups conducted basketball throwing skill acquisition in 12 sessions (30 repeat) while overtly saying “I Can” and “Wrest-Center” respectively before of each throw. The retention and transfer test was held 48 and 72 hours after the last session of the acquisition. Repeated measures and one-way ANOVA were carried out to analyze data. Results showed that the effect of training sessions, group and group ×training sessions were significant. Results revealed that motivational overt self-talk in acquisition, retention and transfer tests was better than other groups. The results of this study suggest that in relatively complex tasks like basketball throwing skill, motivational self-talk would be better choice than other types of self-talk.

The aim of this study was to investigate the casual relationships of motivational climate with competitive anxiety and perceived sport performance among futsal player female students. The study population included all of girl athletes in the futsal teams that participated in Thirteenth Sports Olympiad, all of them were chosen as a research sample (N=182). The data analyzed by Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling. The results showed that mastery motivational climate has a direct and significant effect on competitive anxiety, but performance motivational climate hasn’t a significant impact on competitive anxiety. Also, mastery and performance motivational climate have a Positive and significant effect on perceived performance, but competitive anxiety showed a negative and significant effect on perceived sport performance of athletes. So, it is suggested to coaches that increase motivation in athletes by providing fine training, encouragement, rewards and well-organized feedback, using strategies for decreasing anxiety.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of body image in selecting the color of sports apparel. The population of this study consisted of academics of Mazandaran University. According to Morgan table and by using simple random sampling method, 379 of them were considered as the sample. Data was gathered electronically by a combined questionnaire of body image and the color selection of sports apparel and results of poly-nominal logistic regression indicated that the role of body image is significant in selecting the color of sports apparel. Academics of Mazandaran University, who consider themselves superior in terms of feeling attractiveness and appearance evaluation of body image, use neutral and cold colors as a symbol of showing this attractiveness in their coverage. Therefore, it should be mentioned that selecting a color based on body image depends on which dimension of body image people consider themselves superior.

The present study aimed to predict athlete burnout in terms of competitive anxiety, sport perfectionism, and impulsivity among professional athletes. 266 professional athletes from the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran participated in the study during 2011-2015. The participants completed the Athletic Burnout Questionnaire, Sport Competition Anxiety Test, Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, and the Impulsivity Scale. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between competitive anxiety, sports perfectionism, and impulsivity with burnout among professional athletes. The predictor variables significantly predicted 44% of burnout changes among professional athletes. Sport perfectionism was the sole significant predictor variable, contributing more than the other two variables. Therefore, relevant training workshops can be organized to reduce burnout in professional athletes by helping them reduce competitive anxiety, minimize impulsivity, and, more importantly, overcome sport perfectionism.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect deprivation of sleep on learning of fine and gross motor skills in male students. In order to achieve our objectives, the study selected 60 non-athlete male students with an average age of 21.9 ±1.24 and randomly assigned them into two equal groups of 30 as experimental and control ones. All participants took part in similar fine and gross exercises for two days after the pretest. The control group followed a normal sleeping pattern at night however, the experimental group were made stay awake till three or five AM. That is. They were deprived of sleep for four or six hours respectively. The posttest was administered in the morning of the third day. The results showed that only the six-hour-deprivation of sleep lad to reduction of learning of fine motor skill and four- and six-hour-deprivation of had no effect on learning of gross motor skill. All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS version 16 and the alpha level for decision making was set at p≤0.05 according the results of this research it seems that the more participant was deprive d of normal sleep, the more damage to fine motor skill learning was observed and learners of these skills need to have normal and regular sleep pattern.

The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of self-efficacy in learning advantages related to dyad training method. Twenty-five undergraduate students were divided into dyad and individual training group and were taught in taekwondo form 1 in four 30-minute sessions. The participants practiced the task in a dyadic manner in dyad training group while those selected for individual training group practiced individually. Then, they were asked to answer self-efficacy questionnaire before the first practice trial and before retention test. The results indicated that dyad training group was better in both learning and self-efficacy. Based on the results, both observing learning model and raising self-efficacy as a psychological factor can be regarded as the main reason of learning advantages among those learners taught based on dyad training.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chucking under mental pressure on movement variability and freezing (freeing) of degrees of freedom in skilled and novice table tennis players. To this purpose 16 table tennis players (8 skilled and 8 novice) were selected by in access method and performed 10 top spine strike under general and stress conditions. The measures of intra-limb variability and coupling were calculated. Results showed that movement variability for skilled group is lower than novice group, but there is no difference between two conditions (general and stress). The joint coupling was also lower for skilled group than novices. Furthermore, the results showed that stress condition leads to higher coupling between joints in skilled and novice groups. These results were interpreted according to coordination and control view and also according to the view of freezing and freeing degrees of freedom. Generally, in mental pressure situations participants may return to novice strategy to freeze degrees of freedom.