مجله پژوهشهای گیاهی (زیست شناسی ایران)
سال سی‌ام شماره 4 (زمستان 1396)

One of the most important genera of subfamilies Salsoloideae is the genus Halothamnus. that has spread worldwide. This genus belongs to the beet family (Chenopodiaceae) and in Iran, there are 5 species often grow in saline and arid areas of the country. Identification of Halothamnus genus species due to the morphological similarities between different species of genus Halothamnus, for the morphological similarities among species, diverse habitats and strong apparent differences, it is difficult for Botanists. In this invistegation, 6 species of Halothamnus were collected from different areas of the country (1 species of annual and 5 perennial species) and for these species preapered identification key. Important distinguish of seperated for the species, in these of key were related to 17 qualitative and quantitative traits from vegetative and reproductive structures. Quantitative traits were included such as leaves, bract, bracteole, tepal, perianth tube, perianth with wings, stigma, plant height and flower distance form each other and too quality traits included of growth form, the crack, leaf shape, leaf tip, bract shape, bracteole shape, perianth pit depth, pit shape perianth, flowering time, the perianth parts and status of wings of perianth. The genus Halothamnus with have deep root systems, high osmotic pressure, and water use efficiency of different life forms as an important forage crop in the arid lands and for cultivation in saline soils where other crops do not good produce or regions that irrigation with carry out only with saline water can be important.

The Tabriz Plain situated east of lake Urmia is increasingly facing soil salinization. Under these conditions, native halophytes are becoming more important for ecological stability and preventing erosion in the region. In this work, two halophytic grass species including Puccinellia distans and Aeluropus littoralis as the most important elements of the flora in this region were investigated regarding root mycorrhizal colonization in their natural habitat, seed germination, seedling establishment and growth at different salinity levels up to 500 mM NaCl. The two dominant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species in the rhizosphere of Puccinellia distans were Glomus intraradices and G. mosseae while in the rhizosphere of Aeluropus littoralis, G. etunicatum was also the dominant species. There was no relationship between soil pH and EC with population density of AMF species or root colonization rate in both plant species. Some of seed germination parameters decreased at 100 mM while other parameters diminished at 200 mM NaCl, significantly. Seedling establishment decreased at 200 mM and higher. In the hydroponic long-term experiment, dry matter production of plants was higher at 200 mM compared with control and lower salt concentrations but decreased at higher salt levels. However, the highest level of leaf photosynthesis and relative water content was observed at 100 mM. Our results indicated that cultivation of both species is a sustainable approach not only for bioremediation of saline soils and prevention of soil erosion but also for providing a source of fodder in this rural region.

Applying methods like seed coating which results in germination improvement, reduction of environmental stresses and increase of range species establishment is greatly important. This study was carried to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of alginate polymer on growth physiological characteristics (germination percentage, shoot and root length and fresh weight) of maize (Zea mays L.) under oil contamination (gasoline). A factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with five replications was conducted. The first factor is the difference of alginate calcium concentration with 4 levels (0, 1, 2, 3%) and the second factor is 4 levels of oil pollution (0, 2 , 4 , 6 % gasoline). The results showed significant changes in physiological characteristics in coated seedlings compared to control (p

Vitex agnus-castus species of Lamiaceae family and is native to the Mediterranean region and Central Asia. In this investigation, some ecological characteristics of this species were studied in two representer sites representing in Qom province (Iran) in random-systematic method. In these sites, density, coverage, height, stem diameter, companion species and regeneration of Vitex were measured. Cover shrubs were determined by measuring the diameter of large and small crown. Also, three soil samples were taken from the depth gathering of roots and some of their chemical and physical properties were measured. The measured characteristics of soil included texture, electrical conductivity (EC), acidity (pH), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and organic matter (OM). The raw data were analyzed by ANOVA method in Minitab software ver.14. According to the results, plants height, show significant difference at 5% level (P

Fire is one of the determinant disturbances affecting vegetation structures and functions. Post fire vegetation recovery is influenced by fire derived smoke influencing seed germination. This influence could play an important role in vegetation restoration. This study aim on understanding plant functional types responses to different smoke treatments. Therefore, we collected soils for study area and different smoke treatments were applied. In order to simulate smoke two smoke water concentration (1:500 and 1.1000 v:v) and also two aerosol smoke ( 15 and 30 min) were selected. According to our results aerosol smoke with average 291.48 ± 17.26 seeds (Seedling/ sample) had positive and smoke water with 187.51 ± 11.40 (Seedling/ sample) had negative influence on seed germination. Brachypodium pinnatum had the highest germination among study species. 15 min aerosol smoke with average 320.92 ± 40.28 seeds (Seedling/ sample) had the highest germination. Positive influence of aerosol smoke compare to smoke water could be due to direct effect of smoke and germination enhancement.

There are many reports in recent year’s shows that uptake of micro elements in plants have done with low molecular weight organic molecules. The effect of external chelator on absorption Si2, Al3, total phytochelate, glutathione and the fleshy leaves of two rice cultivars were evaluated. The results showed that the absorption coefficient of resistance for Si2, Al3 in roots and leaves was significant (P

Plants contain phenolic compounds ranging from simple molecules such as phenolic acids to highly polymerized molecules such as tannins. Phenols and polyphenols in plant tissues have gained increasing scientific interest because of their potential beneficial effects on human health. Among which, the nut and skin of pistachio are known as a rich source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to investigated feasibility for industrial production of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity because of mass pistachio skin production in Iran .
The extraction experiments on two species of pistachio, namely Kalleghuchi (P. vera cv. Kallehghuchi) and Ohadi (P.vera cv . Ohadi) were carried out by using two methods, i.e. maceration and ultrasonic extraction and four solvents (acetone 70% ,ethanol 50% , methanol 50% and water). The antioxidant property of the extracts were then evaluated through DPPH and FRAP methods. experiment results showed that the highest and lowest amounts of the antioxidant property in DPPH assay method have the values respectively , IC50 0.057µg/ml and 0.099µg/ml related to extract taken from Ohadi and Kallehghuchi in water solvent with maceration method. Whereas, in FRAP assay method resulted in 5.59 mM and 2.57 mM as the highest and lowest antioxidant activity respectively related to the extract taken from Ohadi in ethanol solvent with maceration and ultrasonic methods.

The spatial pattern of trees in natural stands as a guide to understand the environmental and ecological conditions such as gradients and restrictions of competition is very important. In this study, the spatial pattern of Populus euphratica was studied in both pure and mixed stands by distance indices and quadratic methods. Both pure and mixed stands were full-callipered. Density, cover and actual pattern of distribution were determined by accurate methods such as nearest neighbor. Then, 8 distances and 5 quadratics indices were used. Due to identify the actual spatial pattern, different indices results were checked out and were compared with it. All distance indices showed the spatial pattern of Populus euphratica are clumped in both stands, except Holgate and Hopkins indices. Only Morisita and standardized Morisita of quadratic indices showed the spatial pattern of Populus euphratica non clumped. Overall, Hines, C, Green and Lloyd indices were detected the most appropriate indices for both pure and mixed stands and the spatial pattern of Populus euphratica in riparian forests of Maroon in Behbahan is evaluated clumped.

In order to study the effect of gibberellic and salicylic acid on germination characteristics and growth of anise under the influence of aqueous extracts of the four weed species: Whitetop (Cardaria draba), Corn Buttercup (Ranunculus arvensis), Wild lettuce (Lactuca virosa) and Cleaver (Galium aparine), with a concentration of 25 gr/l, an experiment was conducted as factorial arranged base on completely randomized design with four replications at the seed science laboratory of Agricultural faculty, Yasouj University in 2015. In this experiment, priming with gibberellic acid was used at two levels of 200 and 400 mg/l for 15 hours at 15°C and salicylic acid in two levels 0.3 and 0.6 mM for 48 hours at 25°C. The results showed that priming with 0.3 and 0.6 mM salicylic acid and control, compared to 200 and 400 ppm gibberellic acid, decreased some characteristics such as rate and percentage of germination, root and shoot length and seedling vigor index anise under allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of Whitetop, Wild lettuce and Cleaver, and non allelopathic condition while gibberellic acid did not have any significantly different with control. The aqueous extract of Corn Buttercup priming prevents germination. Also, among of the antioxidant enzymes, catalase showed the most important role in counteracting the effects of oxidative stress caused by allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of Whitetop, Wild lettuce and Cleaver on anise seed rather than peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase.

In this paper, we evaluate quality of several similarity indices for assignment of new releve to vegetation units, using geometric and non-geometric based evaluators. For this purpose, Buxus hyrcana dataset (437 releves) that belong to Mazandaran and Golestan provinces in Hyrcanian forests was used. 11 vegetation units as a primary groups produced by combination results of TWINSPAN, Modified TWINSPAN and cluster analysis. All of 437 releve were re-assigned to 11 primary groups by six similarity indices indices that consider Phi fidelity index. With the exception of Calinski and Uniqueness evaluators, classification resulting from TPFI similarity index had the highest values of evaluators. Results of PCA analysis showed that ISA evaluator as a non-geometric evaluator with two geometric evaluators consist of PBC and PARTANA are the most important evaluators. Totally, the results of this study revealed that among six similarity indices, TPFI to be an effective one for assignment of new releve to vegetation units.

Sesame is one of the oldest, industrial and Pharmaceutical crops in the world that has been being cultivated in most parts of Iran from very long time ago. Since the importance of the promotion and development of oilseed crops like Sesame and given there are a lot of unanswered questions about the effects of nanoparticles on the environment and agriculture and since the use of Nano silver in industry has been identified more than the other nanoparticles, the impact of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles on the Sesame seed germination factors and its anatomical structure was studied at primary stages of plant development. The results of data analysis showed that according to increase of silver nanoparticles concentration, seed germination percent, germination speed and all of the factors related to seedling growth, decreased. High concentrations of silver nanoparticles caused some anatomical changes including: diameter increasing of stem, root and midrib, deforming of cortex paranchymic cells of stem and root vessels, reduction of collenchyma cells differentiation and increasing of fiber differentiation in the stem. Also it was found that due to reduction of root apical meristem size and cells staining intensity, cell division rate reduced under 1000 mg.ml-1 concentrations of sliver nanoparticles. According to the findings, it can be said that sliver nanoparticles, as a stressor cause germination and seedling growth reduction and young Sesame reply to presence of sliver nanoparticles in the environment with anatomical changes.

The present study aimed to predictive modelling of plant species habitats distribution and preparation of predictive distribution maps of plant species using logistic regression.Vegetation sampling was carried out by random-systematic method where along four transects in the length of 150- 200 m established With regard to the type of the species, the quadrat size was determined by the minimal area method which ranged from 2 to 25 m2 and sample size was determined 40-60 quadrats by considering the changes in vegetation and statistical method. In order to soil sampling,soil sampling was performed by digging of eight soil profiles and sampling 0-30 and 30-80 cm depths. Habitats distribution was modeled using logistic regression and SPSS software. Predictive maps of plant habitat distribution were prepared using relevant models. Based on predictive obtained model, soil texture, soil organic matter in upper soil, percent of gypsum in subsoil, lime percent in upper soil, soli acidity (pH) in subsoil, type of geological formation, degree of slope and altitude were most effective variables in habitat distribution of plant communities. Based on Kappa value the agreement of predicted and observed maps was exellent for the habitats of A. scoparia, A. aucheri, and for the habitats of H. persicum , Z. eurypterum and A. sieberi was good and poor respectively. Results show that logistic regression could provide high predictive accuracy model for species that have unique habitat condition such as A. scoparia and A. aucheri in comparison with species that have wide ecological amplitude such as A. sieberi.

This study was performed to investigate the effect of olive pomace on some morphophysiological characteristics of three cultivars rice seedlings. Various treatments of olive pomace (1, 3, 5 and 7 percent w/w) was mixed with soil and three different varieties of rice (Champa, Danial and Anboori ghermez)were planted in the prepared soils.
Plant length, fresh weight, leaf area, dry weight of shoot and root , photosynthetic pigments content, soluble carbohydrates and proline were measured in the seedling stage.
The amount of K, P, N, Zn in the different treatments was measured.The results indicated that at 5% w/w treatment parallel to increase in element contents the growth indices also were promoted, wherease a significant reduction was found for these indices at 7% w/w treatment.
The possible reason for this may be the reduction of effective elements in plant growth in the pomace in the under study treatments.

The tropane alkaloids have played a role in controlling the toxic and septic shock diseases. In this research, the effects of methyl jasmonate (MJ) and jasmonic acid (JA) on the production of alkaloids, atropine and scopolamine, were studied in in vitro and hairy roots cultures of Hyoscyamus niger L. Roots were cultured on medium containing concentrations of MJ and JA (0, 0. 1, 1, 2 and 4 mM) in different exposure times (24, 96 and 168 hours).Then, the production of these alkaloids were assayed by HPLC method. Additionally, root growth index was analyzed in these treatments.
The most significant contents of atropine and scopolamine in in vitro roots were in 1 and 0.1 mM MJ after 96 h respectively. In hairy root, atropine and scopolamine reached their highest points after dealing with 2 mM MJ on the day 4.
As regard jasmonic acid, The highest contents of atropine and scopolamine were in in vitro roots with 4 mM after 24 and 96 hours respectively. Treatment with 4 mM JA soared scopolamine production up to 8 times as high as the control, with 499.3 µg/g D. W. In hairy roots, treatment with 2mM JA and 96 hours had by far the most proportion of atropine and scopolamine.
Generally, atropine content in hairy roots was considerably higher compared to those contents in in vitro roots. In contrast, scopolamine content in in vitro roots higher compared to those contents in hairy roots. Additionally, with increasing of elicitors concentrations, the root growth rate decreased.

Family Cyperaceae are perennial and rarely annual plants with erect stems, rhizoms, long and alternate leaves and reduced reproductive organs, they are growing in wetlands. In this study, ten species from four genera (Carex, Cyperus, Pycreus and Schoenoplectus) were investigated using light and SEM microscopy. The anatomical results showed that, sclerenchymatic girders, vascular positions, peripheral air cavities of stem are separating Carex species from the others. Ornamentation, number of large and size of vascular bundles specially metaxylems are the most characters in separation of Carex species. Anatomical structures of Carex leaves are characterized by larger scelernchyma and more number of chlorenchyma layers in around of air cavities. Kranz anatomy is correlated with smaller air cavities in leaves of C. distachyos, C. glaber and Pycreus flavidus. A morphological analysis of leaf epidermis showed that, tetracytic stomata are dominant, and that distribution of stomata in both adaxial and abaxial layers and presence or absence of papillae have diagnostic value, and they were not correlated with habitat type necessarily.

Aloe vera plant belongs to Liliaceous family .It is one of the important herbs. Importance of this plant is for its leaves and gel. Since salinity stress can be effective on the quality of some characteristics of Aloe vera, this study performed to investigate the effect of salinity stress using 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 ,250 mmolar NaCl, on phytochemical characteristics of Aloe vera plant. Completely randomized factorial design with 3 replicates was used and data were analyzed . The results showed that salinity had significant effect on biochemical characteristics of Aloe vera .Also, the data indicated that density of salinity stress determined salinity stress effect on the biochemical parameters (Total Phenols, Total Sugars, Sucrose, Glucose and Fructose). However salinity in some density decreased the characters than control but production of them might stimulate under some concentrations of salinity. Therefore the characters were affected by salinity density and it determines direction of their changes.

Global stratospheric ozone depletion is elevating surface ultraviolet-B (UV-B) levels. Increase in UV-B levels can alter crop productivity as it affects photosystem II, pigments, and growth regulators. Cadmium is a potentially toxic heavy metal that hampers plant productivity by interfering with their photochemistry and physiological processes of plants. The changes in gas exchange and pigment contents in lettuce seedlings (Lactucca sativa) exposed to an 8.2 kJ m-2 day-1 biologically effective UV-B radiation (UV-B, 280-315 nm) and 40 μmol Cd2 (as Cd3O12S3*8H2O) either alone or in combination were investigated under greenhouse conditions. Compared to the control, photosynthesis rates (PN), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (E) and content of photosynthetic pigments decreased significantly (P

Today the recognition of spatial pattern of plant population is very important in administrative planning and ecological studies and without any spatial information and spatial pattern of the distribution of population in societies the implementation of every program will face problems. This study is investigating the spatial pattern of tree and shrub species in Protected Area of Ghalarang in Ilam Province. In this research, an area with 1200 ha of protected area from Ghalarang is selected and then, 30 plots in a grid of 150 * 100 meters of inventory network are evaluated via systematic random sampling. To evaluate the spatial pattern distribution of species of tree and shrub including Quercus brantii Lindl., Pistacia atlantica Desf., Acer monspassulanum L. and Crataegus azarolus L., variance ratio to mean, Morisita, Morisitas’ Standard Index are used. Results showed that variance ratio to mean index for all species are clustered distribution patterns, for Morisita and Morisitas’ Standard Indexes are random pattern for Acer monspassulanum L. and Crataegus azarolus L., and for Quercus brantii Lindl. and Pistacia atlantica Desf. are clustered distribution patterns. Due to the high percentage of frequency of Quercus brantii Lindl. and Pistacia atlantica Desf. species are cluster distribution pattern which is acceptable in all indexes, But in the variance to mean ratio index cluster distribution pattern was not acceptable for Acer monspassulanum L. and Crataegus azarolus L. species, because frequency of this species are very low and has a random distribution pattern.

Lead as a contaminant of the environment cause cell poisoning. The unicellular green algae Chlorella Vulgaris belongs to the family Chlorellaceae. Since C.Vulgaris has a simple cell structure and unique feature, it is used as a model in plant physiological studies. In order to investigate the growth and adaption of Chlorella sp. to different concentrations of lead (0,10 ,50 , 80 mgL-1) , an experiment was done in the medium Zn With 3 replication in the growth chamber with 12 h light photoperiod, temperature of 25 ± 2 °C, light intensity of 2500 lux and with proper aeration, during 18 days. Growth curve of total samples were determined by measuring the absorbance of 750 nm. Growth rate, chlorophylls and malondialdehyde content and sorption of lead by the algae were measured. Results showed that by increasing concentrations of Lead in the medium up to 80 mgL-1, biomass production, photosynthetic pigments and subsequent growth rate were decreased and samples in less time were able to enter stationary phase and the amount of malondialdehyde (MAD) in treatment of 50 and 80 mgL-1 were significantly increased compared to control. Generally, high concentrations of toxic metal lead influenced the majority of physiological and vital parameters of C.Vulgaris but as a resistant microalgae, despite of the reduction in cell division still retained its growth potential.

Hornbeam is one of the dominant species of Arasbaran forest and it is the most mixture percentage of forest stands in this area. This study aims at recognizing Hornbeam quantitative and qualitative characteristics in the different aspects as well as recognizing its site soil properties. In the current study, fifteen plots in the north aspects and ten 300m2 circular shaped plots in other aspects were randomly taken. In each plot, all the trees with a diameter at breast height greater than 6 centimeters and two perpendicular crown diameters of Hornbeam trees were measured. To investigate the regeneration, 50m2 plots were implemented at the center of main plots and the regeneration was enumerated in three classes. In order to analyze the soil physical and chemical properties, 3 soil samples from the north aspect and 2 samples from other aspects were taken of 0-30 cm depth. Results showed that the purest Hornbeam sites were located in the northern aspect with the 91.9 % presence percentage and the most mixed stands were observed in the western aspects. The maximum average D.B.H. was measured in the northern (12.50cm) and eastern (12.20cm) aspects and the minimum ones were measured in the western aspects (9.26cm). The crown diameter of Hornbeam trees was higher in the northern (2.49m) and southern (2.42m) than other aspects and the minimum, one was observed in the western (2.27m) aspect. PCA result showed that silt, sand and potassium were the most important variation sources of environmental factors within Hornbeam sites.