مجله پژوهشهای جانوری (زیست شناسی ایران)
سال بیست و نهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1395)

Both in nature and aquaculture, fishes could experience periods of food deprivation or starvation. The present study was investigated the effect of starvation on biochemical (plasma total protein, glucose, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and haematological (haematocrit, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations (MCHC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), red blood counts (RBCs) and white blood counts (WBCs) parameters in two different sizes of yellow fin seabream. In this study, a total of 120 fish with mean length 8.05± 0.98 cm and 7.46± 1.07 g (was referred as size A) and 120 fish with mean length 11.05± 0.86 cm and weight 18.01± 3.07 g (was referred size B) were divided into fed and starved groups each with three replicates (20 fish per replicate) and maintained in a 60- L plastic tanks. Sampling of fish was performed at 10, 20 and 30 days of food deprivation. The results showed that in starved group of size A, plasma total protein, glucose and cholesterol significantly decreased and WBCs significantly increased (P

Caspian green lizard, Lacerta strigata belongs to the family Lacertidae is diurnal and its habitat is in the Caspian and Mediterranean areas, sand dunes and beach sands, swamps, or rivers with shrub steppe vegetation. Since, a few studies have been performed on the reproductive cycles of L. strigata in Iran and other countries, this research was conducted in order to the study of spermatogenic cycle of this species in Mazandaran Province. 24 male specimens were collected by hand from three stations Goharbaran, Ab-Bandankesh, Ab-Bandansar around Sari County in diurnal sampling from 5 April to 20 September 2013. The samples after transferring to the laboratory were anesthetized with chloroform and morphometric characteristics such as head, body and tail length, hemipenis and testis length and width and body and testis weight were measured. During the six- month period of activity of the species, the testes of 24 adult males were morphologically and histologically studied. The results show that the spermatogenesis of this species including four phases: active, transitional, silent and regenerative. The last two phases arent completely separated and no sperm production occurred, but regeneration of the germinal layer occurs from the early September to early April. Spermatogenesis begins in late March and peak in spring and late June, and ends in August. Reproductive cycle of this species is seasonal and alternated and the type of spermatogenesis cycle is associated.

In this study, relation between spatial learning ability in Morris Water Maze (MWM) and rotational-bias of male and female rats has been studied. Spatial learning ability of 54 male and female rats was evaluated in MWM and the relationship between spatial learning ability and rotational-bias of animal in MWM has been considered. Spatial learning ability in left side rotating male rats was better than those rotating to the right. However, in females, spatial learning ability in right rotating and retrieval of memory in left rotating animals were better. Comparing side-bias in male and female rats showed that spatial learning ability in right rotating and retrieval of memory in left rotating female rats were better than males. Our results showed that spatial learning ability in MWM could be anticipated by knowing the rotational bias of male or female rats in MWM. Considering this variable could help us to better explain the gender differences in the Morris water maze.

Ofloxacin is one of fluoroquinolone family That On infectious diseases of the urinary tract - Genital acts .R jelly is secreted by the glands of worker bees Hypopharyngeal and with impact on the reproductive, sexual orientation increases. Since antibiotics are effective in reducing fertility and are one of the factors infertility and in this study is to investigate the effects of this drug on the diameter of seminiferous tubules and Therapeutic effect of royal jelly on it . This study has been used from32 adult male rats have been divided in 4 groups .(1)control , (2) medicine ,(3) 2week without medicine, (4)R jelly . in the first group they feed only water & food stuffs , but in the 2 &3& 4 group they were received 0/3 cc ofloxacin with dose 200mg in a 14-day cycle then after the end of 14-day cycle the second group were killed the fourth group in addition to the 14-day cycle were treated for 14 days with R jelly ( dose 0/3cc) ( 28days ) Group 3 after a 14-day cycle of medication, for 14 days without medication were ( 28days) . Then the groups 3 & 4 after the end 28days were killed and exiting testis tissue and coloring with H&E .
The study showed that Ofloxacin significantly decreases diameter of the seminiferous tubules compared to controls but Royal jelly has a therapeutic effect of induction partial remission .

Due to high biomass and substantial amount of chitosan in the cell wall, cultivation and production of chitosan from Aspergillus niger was studied. The fungus grown on Potato Dextros Agar (PDA) slants were inoculated in Potato Dextros Broth (PDB) and incubated (25°C, 180 rpm). To evaluate changes in biomass, chitosan and other growth parameters over a period of 21 days and the interval of 3 days these factors were measured. The results showed that maximum of fungal biomass (22.5 g/L), chitosan (7.37%) and other growth parameters in the late exponential growth phase found. The pH of the medium in this stage was the lowest (2.5). After entering the medium to stationary phase, these factors were significantly reduced. Gram positive bacteria were more sensitive to chitosan compared to gram negative bacteria (P≤0.5). But Candida albicans showed the highest sensitivity to chitosan. The antibacterial properties of chitosan were more than their antifungal properties. Due to availability, ease of cultivation and maintenance this strain and acceptable level of chitosan, can be used as an alternative for transitional source (shellfish). Based on the present finding, it could be inferred that the A. niger can be considered as an source of chitosan which have inhibitory activity against some microorganisms that require further study.

Present study was conducted to determine biochemical parameters with potential diagnostic value to assess the nutritional status and healthy common carp. For that purpose, Ninety Species with average weight 157.9±8. 5g were stocked into each 300-l tank with triplicate in three treatments and were submitted to different feeding protocols: The first treatment fed for 14 days; The second treatment fed for 7 days followed by 7 days of fasting and the third treatment fasted for 14 days. At the end of the trial, Fish from each group were selected and their blood was collected and the following plasma parameters were analyzed by standard clinical methods. The results showed that levels of triglycerides, total protein,AST, ALT and T3 decreased significantly during the first week of starvation and the decline in the second week of fasting were significantly only for triglycerides and AST. There was no significant difference between treatments in calcium; inorganic phosphorus; magnesium; cholesterol and T4. Among those parameters measured in this study plasma triglycerides and AST decreased continuously during starvation, thus having potential for use as indicators of the nutritional status of common carp. On the contrary, total protein, ALT and T3 were relatively independent of previous feeding conditions after 1 week starvation and may be useful as indicators of the short-term starvation and health status in common carp.

In order to Study of different plant waste on produced vermicompost and Replication and Performance of earthworm, an experiment was carried out in completely randomized design during 90 days in Gonbad- e- Kavous University at 2013. Treatments were: pure cow manure (control), manure Palm Leaf (75 : 25), manure Palm Leaf (50:50), manure Palm Leaf (25 : 75), manure potato (75 : 25%), manure potato (50: 50), cow dung cabbage (75 : 25) and cow dung cabbage (50:50), respectively. Diversity and productivity levels and final weight were studied. Chemical changes produced by worms such as PH and EC levels before and after vermicompost production, carbon and total nitrogen and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) were measured. The results showed that there were significant differences between treatments in terms of reproduction ratio and efficiency, and final weight of all chemical characteristics. Reproduction and efficiency ratio with palm leaf and manure mixture treatment (50:50) and manure mixed with potato (50:50) were maximum and minimum ratio and average 35.45 and 1.83 respectively. The total carbon content in the control treatment was the highest and lowest of manure mixed with cabbage. The maximum and minimum amounts of nitrogen were recorded in treatments of manure mixed with potato and cabbage ratio (75: 25) with 3.08 and 1.83 percent, respectively. Chemical properties analysis of before and after production of vermicompost showed that EC increased in all treatments as compared with before and pH has been reduced.

One method commonly used to minimize or mitigate the effects of stress on fish is the use of anesthetics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of clove and emulsion of spearmint oil and methyl salicylate (CMSE) on anesthesia and blood glucose of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (27.35±0.25 g). Fish were exposed to different concentrations of the CMSE (395, 526 and 657 µl L-1) for induction of anesthesia. The obtain results showed that induction time decreased significantly with increasing of the concentration of the CMSE (P

Nowadays the herbal drugs products and their derivate are used as an immunostimulants, growth promoters and physiological booster in aquatic animals. In the current study, the comparative effects of Shirazi thyme and Vitamin E on growth and health status of common carp juveniles has been investigated. The total of 144 juveniles specimens were selected and divided into four groups and were treated during 45 days as following the first group (control) were fed based on standard diet for common carp. Second group juveniles were fed with diet containing 1 %/kg dry weight of diet Shirazi thyme, The third group were fed with excess amount of 100 milligram/Kg dry weight of diet from vitamin E and the last group were fed with combined level of Shirazi thyme and vitamin E as a same level with previous groups. Growth and health parameters were evaluated 15, 30 and 45 days since beginning of essay. There was not any negative effect of Shirazi thyme prescription on growth. There was a significant difference in indices including vicerosomatic index, weight gain (%), intestine somatic index, specific growth rate, feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio of Shirazi thyme group with control. Combined level of Shirazi thyme and vitamin E had not any synergistic effect on juvenile’s growth performance. Therefore these results confirm the positive effect of 1% Shirazi thyme on growth factors in the common carp and can be recommended for aquaculture.

The body cavity of sea urchin is filled with coelomic fluid, which forms the body's fluid medium. The naphthoquinone pigments were found to possess excellent antimicrobial, antialgal and antioxidant activities. The aim of the present research was undertaken to study the find optimization of coelomic fluid isolation, extraction of free cells and coelomocyte lysate and also identification qualitative and quantitative of pigments of coelomic fluid Echinometra mathaei. coelomic fluid was isolated by four types, The amount of quantity and quality of pigments Measured in the four types using a spectrophotometer and LC-MS. According to the results of the study, optimization extract of coelomic fluid, buffered mode, which it can be used to measure the biological activity. With regard to this, the result showed that pigments of free cells and coelomocyte lysate were Spinochorome A, B, C and Echinochorome A, respectively. Also, The results of LC-MS confirmed these findings. The results of this study showed that coelomic fluid Sea urchin of E. mathaei due to different pigments and with regard to the role of each of them can be used in the pharmaceutical industry.

Aim: Nowadays nitrate enters to the groundwater through of chemical fertilizers and fossil fuels. With entering nitrate to the body and converting into other substances it can have detrimental effects on the body and the fetus, and because nitrate passes straight through the barrier placental blood into the liver. The purposes of this study the effects of excess nitrate in drinking water on fetal liver cells of mice were studied.
Material and For this purpose, the effects of the Sodium Nitrate (doses 450, 900 mg ∕ liter/day in drinking water) during pregnancy of female mice were investigated. On 17th day of pregnancy, all groups were killed via chloroform and fetal liver were fixed in 10% formalin for immunohistochemistry and histology analysis. The one–way ANOVA and SPSS software were used to determine the statistical significance of differences between the values for the experimental and control groups and also Image J software were used to cell count.
The results obtained showed a significant decrease in weight of pregnant mice, fetal weight, number of fetuses, and also histological changes in liver cells. According to the immunohistochemical study, seems an increase of nitrate in drinking water after entering the liver can be causes BCL2 protein changes in the fetus liver.
excess nitrate in drinking water causes disturbances in liver development of the fetus during pregnancy.

This study was designed to determine the effects of different dietary n-3/n-6 ratios on biochemical composition and fatty acid profile of body juvenile common carp, Cyprinus carpio for 56 days. During the experiment, 270 juvenile fish with an initial average weight of 16.24 ± 0.10g were randomly distributed in 18 tanks. Experimental fish were fed with six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets consisting of six levels of dietary n-3/n-6 ratios that 5.97 (Diet 1), 3.22 (Diet 2), 2.14 (Diet 3), 1.53 (Diet 4), 1.15 (Diet 5) and 0.92 (Diet 6). According to statistical analyses except body lipid content (P