نشریه حسابداری و منافع اجتماعی
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 12، بهار 1393)

The proliferation of accounting scandals has prompted the need to improve the relevance of financial reporting by setting up good governance structures. The relationship between corporate governance and information quality has been strongly debated in the context of developed countries. It is only recently that attention turned to the study of governance and financial disclosure in emerging countries. In this paper، we examine the effect of the governance mechanisms on the financial reporting quality for a sample of Tehran stock exchange company. Specifically، we focus on the characteristics of the board of directors and the ownership structure of the firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 1380–1389.

Audit firms vary with respect to the quality of services they provide to their clients. One differentiation strategy is related to providing services to clients that are based on in-depth industry knowledge. Industry specialization helps audit firms increase the demand for audit and non-audit services، improves audit efficiency through economies of scale، creates barriers to entry by requiring new entrants to invest significant resources in relevant industries، and affects client-relevant audit outcomes like audit fees and financial reporting quality. This review attempts to evaluate critically the archival research on the effect of audit firm industry specialization on client-relevant audit outcomes. Some suggestions for future research are offered.

The corporate governance system is a concept that recently has been emerged regarding the accountability of the organizations. The corporate governance has been defined as mechanisms with which steering and monitoring of firms are conducted، and in many accounting and auditing researches، it has been referred to the role of the internal controls، internal audit and audit committee in its mechanisms and functions. In this paper، first، we take a look at corporate governance concepts and tentative classification models of corporate governance are explained based on the design of separation between ownership and management، control and interrelationship among different managing and controlling groups. Then، there is a reference to Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) principles for corporate governance. Furthermore، this paper reviews the role and functions of internal controls، internal audit and audit committee، and the individualized components of internal control based on the COSO Report are presented.

Business managers may better illustrate the financial position and performance، attempting to manipulate earnings by accruals، that this can affect the quality of earnings. Earnings quality in business decisions being considered by investors. Therefore، this study will review the Company''s financial distressed and bankrupt what type of earnings management (to increase personal benefits or to increase the company''s value) are used by. And the quality of earnings in these companies، what is happening. For this purpose، the relationship between four Earnings Attributes، include accruals quality، earnings persistence، earnings predictability، earnings smoothness and discretionary accruals as a proxy for earnings management، the future profitability for the 110 companies in Tehran Stock Exchange، using Altman adjusted model in three groups of healthy companies، financial distressed and bankrupt are divided over the years 1381 to 1389 were studied. Evidence suggests that earnings management in all three group companies bankrupt، distressed and healthy tends to be more opportunistic. In addition، the Earnings attributes type of earnings management do not contribute، and earnings management Performs better than Earnings attributes in predicting future profitability. Also، the quality of earnings in healthy companies، than distressed and bankrupt companies is higher.

Treasury stock is one of the financial strategies of management to achieve the goals of organization. The purpose of this paper is to review treasury stock، the prohibited trading of common stock in Iran، which could have many benefits for both parts of transactions according to the results of empirical studies. Since the formation of the Tehran Stock Exchange in 1967، the executives of listed firms such as the National Iranian Oil Company were allowed to use its right to redeem their shares، but after the passage of amendment of the commercial law in 1969، treasury stock was banned. However، not only treasury stock can be used in many stock exchanges worldwide، but also the volume and number of treasury stock trading and its monetary value is increasing very significantly each year. Based on the importance of treasury stock، the this paper reviews various aspects of treasury shares to introduce its consequences and discuss the effects of non-utilization of treasury stock on listed firms in Tehran Stock Exchange. To this end، we reviewed finance literature and scientific studies conducted in treasury stock and compared commercial laws in different countries.

The present researh is dealing with a comparison between the ability of accruals، the main cash flow، and the restated in order to predict the futuer cash flow. The statistical society of the research comprises those firms listed in The Tehran Stock Exchange and whose financial lists have been restated. To fulfil the research، data from 162 year-firm from the year 1386 to the year 1390 have been collected، The present research in terms of purpose is practical and is a descriptive-correlation research. The data are analyzed using the Eviews software. The method used in the resarch is the multi-variable linear regression، and the Vuong test is used to compare the research models. The research results display that the restated accruals، respectively، compared to the main cash and the restated cash more ability of predicting the future cash flows. Other results shown the accruals and the restated cash flows have got the same ability in predicting the future cash flows، compared to the accruals and the main cash flows.

In most countries، various audit firms، supervise or auditing the government operates and expenditures. These parallel activities create problems for these institutes. On the one hand، it may create repetition and overlapping، even contradiction، between the country''s high auditing institute and other auditing firms. On the other hand، it may help to create opportunities for instructional cooperation، information share and auditing methodology and it may decrease the pressure on state-run audit institutes. The traditional knowledge and epistemology considers joint audit as the factor of improving audit quality through enhancing precision level in securing audit witnesses and preserving the auditors'' desired independence which is resulted from the lack of cooperation resulted from stimulus two auditors. The theoretical base of this argument lies in this statement that «Two minds are better than one.» The main objective of this article is to express two destructive categories of auditing quality i. e. «free ride» and securing opportunities for exchanging ideas and compromising over auditor''s independence، meanwhile it will deal with the benefits and deficits of cooperation among audit institutes.

Accounting of such matters is limited and its role in the accounting literature or neglect is significantly less and less attention has been neglected or even in the present day، especially in recent decades، tremendous progress in all aspects of accounting occurred also clearly visible. Twin accounting civilization is actually one of the requirements for the formation of civilizations، the developments of accounting and where the discussion of the accounting firms is and the monitoring system is proposed to control income and expenditure. One of the reasons for the glory and honor of Iranians in Achaemenid period can result accurately monitor and control the administration the unique system of considered. The extent and magnitude of the time، especially in times of Cyrus and Darius، has always been the pride and honor of Iranians and with the kingdom of justice and control over resources and spending a lot of country said. Central government with a focus on economic، social and military structures and systems - government complex، there were dozens employees and workers and soldiers were working on it. In this case، methods of monitoring the financial affairs of its kind in the country and get control of taxation and spending is necessary.

This study aims at comparing Iran’s stock exchange with other stock exchanges in the world. It determines the rank of Iran’s exchange stock among other significant stock exchanges considering the efficiency، risk، the growth rate of the market value، liquidity index، and the role of the exchange stock in the national economy. It also shows the strengths and weaknesses of Iran’s stock exchange. Financial markets in Iran are not involved in the international markets; hence، the financial crisis did not enter Iran. Since the economy of Iran depends on the revenue from oil، this revenue is the main channel for the financial crisis to enter Iran. This study is a descriptive-survey study; its domain includes the members of the International Federation of Stock Exchanges; the simple sample selection method is used; data are collected from the websites of the International Federation of Stock Exchanges and Iran’s stock exchange; spss 19 and EViews softwares are used in order to analyze the data and the independent T test is applied to test the study hypotheses. According to the results، the efficiency of Iran’s stock exchange is higher than those of other stock exchanges in the world; Iran’s stock exchange a lower role compared to the other famous stock exchanges in national economy; its risk is higher compared to the other famous stock exchanges in the world; there are significant differences between the growth rate of Iran’s stock market and those of other stock exchanges; Iran’s stock exchange has a lower liquidity index compared to the famous stock exchanges in the world. This study shows that the world economic recovery and the recession in competitive markets are the main reasons of the growth of Iran’s stock index; the high risk of Iran’s securities is due to improper use of risk coverage policies and the high risk in Iran’s stock exchange is one of the most important reasons of the poor foreign investments in Iran; the principal weakness of Iran’s stock exchange is its small size and the fact that it is governmental.