نشریه رسوب شناسی کاربردی
پیاپی 1 (بهار و تابستان 1392)

The Jajarm bauxite deposit is located in 15 km northeast of jajarm area, North Khorasan Province. The bauxite deposits have been developed as a stratiform horizon along the boundary between the Elika and Shemshak formations. The Taguee Area, located after Golbini and Zoo areas, is continuation of west to east trend of bauxite orebody and seen as a narrow strip with a more than one km width and 7 km in length. Results of chemical analysis and geostatistical data processing showed that during weathering processes, deferrugenization and desilisification mechanisms played crucial roles in mobility of iron oxides and hydroxides and silica oxides. Factors such as pH and Eh of groundwater as well as geomorphology of the area also play important roles in mobility of oxides and hydroxides to the eastern parts. Different drainage conditions and leaching of some elements from the upper parts and redeposition in lower parts of the orebody led to form four distinct layers from top to the bottom including: upper kaolinite bauxite, hard bauxite, clayey soft bauxite and lower kaolinite bauxite.

In this research, the Surmeh Formation of late Jurassic age in the southern zone of the Dezful embayment (Zagros basin in the SW of Iran) in Fahliyan anticline cross section were studied. A new method, in this discassion based on studies of fluid inclusion of oil in this Formation, in this discussion was presented. This research interpreted the data obtained from existing petroleum fluid inclusion in doubly polished thin sections from collected samples. These data includes temperature, salinity and reflected color of fluorescence radiation. Using this information, the characteristics of these section were evaluated and the depth of burial of host rock based on homogenizing temperature and salinity of fluid inclusion estimated 2040 m for the Fahliyan Formation. Using the fluorescent light reflection the API ranges 40 to 50 degrees and the density value obtained less than 0.74 gr/cm3, suggesting that the oil is ultra-light area.

The Dalir phosphate deposit is located in 57 km of southwest of Chalous city, Mazandaran Province. This deposit is a part of the Marand-Damavand phosphate belt and has developed as a stratiform horizon within the upper shale member of Soltanieh Formation (Neoproterozoic- Lower Cambrian). Mineralogical studies show that phosphatization process in the Dalir area was accompanied by development of various minerals such as dolomite, fluor-apatite, calcite, quartz, pyrite, illite and muscovite. Distribution patterns of major, minor and trace elements normalized to PAAS display depletion of elements such as Si, Fe, Al, K, Na, Ti, Th, Zr, Co, Cu, Ni, and Nb, and enrichment of elements such as Ca, P, Sr, and Y during phosphatization. Depletion of REEs ratio to average of world phosphorites indicates that this deposit was formed in a closed environment. Geochemical indices such as ratios of V/V+Ni (0.59 0.73), Th/U (0.10-0.89), Ce/Ce* (0.22-0.55), Mn* (–0.75 to –1.87) and Y/Ho (42.63-57.84) suggest that deposit was developed in an anoxic-suboxic condition. Distribution pattern of elements such as Al, Mn, Fe, Mg and Sr reveal that biogenic processes have played vital role in development of deposit. According to values of Eu/Eu* (0.88-1.12) and Sr/Ba (0.45 4.86) in the studied samples, it seems that phosphatization process in the Dalir area occurred in slightly acidic to neutal pH and normal salinity. Combination of the obtained results from field observations, mineralogical studies and geochemical data indicate that formation of studied deposit was controlled by marine upwellings.

In this study, groundwaters samples from 42 different water sources of the north and northwest of Khoy, were collected, they include springs, subterraneans, and agricultural and observation wells. In order to stabilize the chemical properties of the water samples, nitric acid was added in the place of the sampling. Co-contaminated diagrams and maps were plotted for all samples after chemical analysis, the results were compared with the WHO, EPA and national standards. one sample (collected from Col of the Gardic village) has higher amount of chromium than the standards. The samples from the Galavans village has higher manganese than WHO standards. Other samples did not show any unauthorized amounts of the heavy metals in the groundwater. All heavy metals in the soil samples from the study area have higher levels than the siol standards. Based on pH values of the wet soil saturated in water (between 8.6 and 6.7) and soil texture analyzed by hydrometer, and soil samples analyzed by the X-ray, it was found that of pH has variations caused very little to no mobility on the heavy metals. Also, the mobility of the heavy metals reduces due to the superficial adsorption of them by clay and silt particles and ferromagnesian oxides of soil. Correlation between underground water level and the running water direction maps and the geological map shows that western geological formations of the study area (mainly consisting of basaltic flows, basaltic pillowlavas, pelagic limestone and orbitolina-bearing limestone) are the main underground water supplies. These formations have lower values of the heavy metals than the ultramafic intrusions of the eastern part of the Zorabad plain and Agh-Chai River. Also based on land use maps and the FAO soil classification, the study soil samples are placed in category of Calcaric Regosols and Calcic Cambisols. Occurrence of the limestone formations in the region could be the main source for these type of the soils. Such rocks can cause alkalinityof theof heavy metals. aqueous and soil environments precipitation.

Porosity is one of the most important parameters in evaluation of reserves storage capacity and hydrocarbon production. Commonly, this parameter is calculated via core and well log data. One of the most important limitation of these two data groups, despite their high values are lack of development which is limited to well positions. Estimation of petrophysical parameters in inter- and outer-well spaces is valuable and important. The use of seismic data with a large lateral expansion has an important and critical role in the estimation of petrophysical parameters in the inter-well spaces. In this research, Neutron porosity estimation using seismic attributes, on Asamri Formation in the Chashmeh Khush Field (N. Ahwaz) was done. In the first, by using of Sonic and Density logs, synthetic seismogram were created and then they were correlated with seismic data and average seismic wavelet used in inversion process, were extracted from three well with total correlation 87.47%. Afterward, three dimensional seismic data were converted to the acoustic impedance via inversion process and were used as external attributes to the accompaniment of internal attributes resulted from raw seismic data during the estimation. using stepwise regression, the relationship between porosity and seismic attributes were determined and eight seismic attributes including inversion results, derivative Instantaneous Amplitude, Integrated Absolute Amplitude, Derivative Instantaneous Frequency, Filter 25/30-35/40, Cosine Instantaneous Phase and Raw Seismic were selected as optimized attributes. Then via two Multiattribute linear regression (MLR) and Probabilistic neural network methods (PNN), porosity estimated and specified according to validation result and error, PNN method was proven to be more efficient. Finally, based on the porosity estimated from seismic data, it was cleared that mixed clastic-carbonate intervals in the lower sequence, generally have a better porosity condition than dolomite and limestone in the upper part, this trend is easily recognizable from well log data.

Rivers are one of the most important fresh-water resources of the earth; in addition, many constructions are located on or adjacent to rivers. The most authentic method about river pattern is based on quantitative (non-descriptive) data; sedimentary facies give us important information about the river energy and its transportation processes as well. In this research, the channel pattern of the western tributaries of Qara-Chay river on the basis of morphological parameters (Levels I and II of Rosgen classification and some other parameters) and sedimentary facies (Miall classification) were studied. The Qara-Chay drainage basin (area=14455 Km2) is one of the sub-basins of the Qom salt lake (central Iran); more than 76% of its area is located in Hamedan Province. This river is mainly single channel, its sinuosity is 1-1.5, entranchment ratio is 1.1-2, W/D varies between less than 10 to 70 and slope is 0.02-0.001. In the mountainous part, the channel is entrenched and V-shaped (A and G types). It becomes wider (W/D >10) in the plain; in this part of the basin, B, C and F types (downstream) are present; in some short distances the multi channel type (D) may occur. The Qara-Chay bed in mountainous part gravelly facies (Gms and Gm) are present; sandy facies (Sm, Sh and St) are more abundant in the plain. Muddy facies (Fl and Fm) persist in distal parts. These facies were mainly deposited in the lower-flow and the primitive stage of the upper-flow regime.

Soil erosion and sediment yield in watersheds is one of the major problems in most countries(such as Iran) of the world. The purpose to this research is to estimate sediment yield and erosion intensity using GIS technique and MPSIAC model in Sarghayeh - Sarnish watershed (surface= 70.654 km2) in south of Mashhad. The geological units of surrounded area are Cretaceous Ophiolitic Melange of North Torbat-E-Heydarieh, Tertiary Conglomerate, Sandstone, Shale, Marl and Gypsum. The results indicated that 14.8% (1045.65 hec) of the total watershed area was classified in class V (very high sedimentation rate), 85.2% (6019.75 hec) at class IV (high sedimentation rate), and 0.51% (36.43 hec) at class III (medium sedimentation rate). Mean sediment yield was calculated by MPSIAC model as 9.91, 5.91 and 3.12 ton/hec, respectively. The erosional features in studied watershed are channel, rill, surface, debris, gully and bank erosins.