فصلنامه اخلاق زیستی
پیاپی 20 (تابستان 1395)

Three views about morally abortion, liberal, conservative and moderate, have been proposed. According to the liberal view, abortion for any reason at any time during pregnancy is morally permissible. Mary Anne Warren is an advocate of this view. According to warren, the traditional argument against abortion is unproductive because of non-repeated mediocrity. She believes that the term `human' in two introductory of the argument has not the same meaning. Human in (1) means biological human and in (2) means social human, that she called it "person". She offers five criteria to distinguish between human and person. She believes that a human embryo and newborn baby does not even have the characteristics of a person. She considered birth as a criterion of moral equal rights and denies other proposed criteria include knowledge, the first movement of the fetus in the womb, feel and viability. In this paper, we study and criticism Warren’ view about the birth as the criterion of the moral status of the fetus and we determine that the embryo from the moment of conception is entitled to moral rights not from birth.

Professional ethics is the most important cultural factor in the development of any country and have significant effect on the activity, individual and group performance and organizational results. Present study examined the relationship between professional ethics and organizational commitment from the viewpoint of nurses in Imam Khomeini hospital in Sari. To this end, the research was correlation. 175 persons were selected as a sample from 322 Imam Khomeini hospital nurses in sari according to Krejcie and Morgan table. The sampling was done Stratified randomly by gender. Data was collected by two standardized questionnaires include Allen & Meyer organizational commitment and Patty professional ethics, To assess the reliability of the questionnaire, the reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha was 0.80 for organizational commitment and 0.96 for professional ethics. Data were analyzed using SPSS21 and referential statistics (K-S, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients), the results showed that there is no significant relationship between professional ethics and organizational Commitment and its dimensions (affective commitment, continuance commitment, normative commitment) From the viewpoint of nurse and had have no impact together, there is no significant relationship between professional ethics and organizational Commitment in terms of gender and years of service too. Some suggestions were proposed at the end.

The purpose of the study was investigating the relationship between development of managers’ ethical behavior in work environment and organizational health.
The method of research was descriptive correlation. Statistical population was all employees of Azad and state universities of Mazandaran province (5083 people). Statistical sample was 346 people that were selected by simple random method based on Krejcie and Morgan table. Measurement tools were standard organizational health questionnaire with 21 questions and researcher made ethical behavior development questionnaire with 35 questions. Reliability of questionnaires reviewed with Cronbach alpha that was 0/92 for organizational health questionnaire and 0/94 for ethical behavior development questionnaire. Data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistic including Pearson correlation coefficient, Fisher and Regression.
Findings: Findings revealed that there was significant linear correlation between teaching ethical principles, selecting employees with ethical potential capacity, promoting ethical rules and codes, managers’ adherence to ethical standards and at last ethical behavior development with organizational health.
Based on the findings of this research it was revealed that there is a relationship between development of ethical behavior in work environment and organizational health. Thus, in order to maintain the organizational health it is recommended that people with clean records who are known for good behavior take management positions and an ethical charter based on ethical regulations and codes expressing what must be done and what must not be done in an organization should be designed and all staff should be informed about it. Also, reviewing the codes and their ethical policies should be done by participation of the staff themselves.

Today, health as an essential component and people worries. Regardless of age, sex, social or ethnic background, health is the most important and most vital social capital of communities. The importance of health in development is to the extent that the health become in axis of development in the millennium meeting. Among international document that the public health was investigated, the millennium development declaration has special important and four of the eight goals of the declaration concern to health directly while other related to it indirectly. According to the importance of public health and the lack of detailed resources, this review is going to illustrate the concept and dimension of the right to health in the millennium declaration because this declaration has a special position and its development guideline of the third millennium. So we can take advantages from its approaches to help the public health level promotion in society and therefore become more closely to development criteria.

Environmental issues and challenges in this era caused an attention to software strategies (environmental behavior and ethics) alongside hardware solutions (to produce environmental technologies). In other hand, the evolution of environmental behavioral theories caused a hope for understanding humanenvironment relations. Using analytical-critical method, the present study aimed to explain and critic western theories of moral behavior, then present Islamic theories of moral behaviors. Western scientists present some moral behavior theories in relationship with environment like Theories of "reasoned action", "planned behavior", "norm-action" and "value-belief-norm". Despite, vast diffusion and using of these theories, they were criticized for neglecting moral variables like moral norms and human value orientations. In other hand, Islamic philosophers and scientists have moral behavior theories that seems are cope with ethics spiritual characteristics of Islamic societies. In present study some Islamic theories are presented. It is recommended that Islamic scientists at philosophy of ethics and moral psychology try to inference moral behavioral theories from Islamic resources; and then apply these theories in field researches in order to improve their predictability power.

The preservation of the safe environment as fundamental human rights is one of the major duties of state in society. The functions of modern government are influenced by the ideas of people sovereignty, human rights guarantee, social welfare and the idea of good governance with the sustainable development approach. Therefore, the basic aim of the article is assessing the impact of good governance in guarantying the safe environment right. Article with descriptive-analytic approach investigate the concept and components of good governance, the relation human rights with the right to a safe environment, effectiveness of the good governance factors in guaranteeing a safe environment, human health, the efficient utilization of natural resources and environmental compensation. The results of the research show that having applied good governance factors in society and fulfillment of the state functions and with the mechanisms of environmental education, the right of a safe environment is effectively persevered and protected.

One of the most important and still controversial issues on genetically modified food products is whether such products should be labeled. The main disagreement is over the necessity of mandatory regulation on labelling GM food products. U.S. and EU genetically modified food labelling regulations are clearly at odds with one another. Comparing these two different major legal systems (united states and European Union are both among the largest producers of GM food products), this paper tries to examine which of them appears to be a more efficient perspective on labelling GM food products.
The method used in this Article is descriptive-analytical. Data have been collected by taking notes from relevant sources and have been analyzed with regard to the U.S. and E.U. legal systems and WTO agreements about GMO’s labelling.
Findings: There are generally two approaches on GM food’s labelling subject; On the one hand, the EU legal system recognizes labelling as a tool to make an informed choice for consumers. Setting mandatory labelling regulations, therefore, seems to be necessary. Consequently, the EU set strict regulations forcing producers to label their GM food products. On the other hand, the U.S., considers GM food as being no different from non-GM food. Labelling of GM food, thus, appears to be unnecessary.
Considering the importance of consumer’s right to know and their right to choose, it seems that EU perspective on labeling GM food products is a better and more efficient one.

Medical science as a science is considered important in the history of science and the wisdom. The importance of this science in a way that even in Islamic traditions as one of the basic science is mentioned. The aim of this study is to review and critique patient's rights by using theories of philosophers (Farabi, Avicenna and Mulla Sadra). In this study we use the the principles of Islamic philosophers ancient psychology such as twodimensional human being, emphasizing the primacy of the spiritual dimension, explaining various aspects of the the human spirits and physical dimension as a single whole, to critique of various areas of modern medicine will discussed in the field of ontological, epistemological methodology. Outcome of this research can be due to lack of disease diagnosis by doctors. Analysis that was done with the fields of psychologythe most fundamental right of a patient to be extracted. The method used in this study is analytical - descriptive which uses philosophical texts, are studied comments Islamic scholars. Insist on medical current method, the rejection of the twodimensional of human in practice areas, denial of the connection between soul and body and interaction effects between these two and also medical specialization that result the review is to replace the entire review nothing more than real rights abuses patients and is ignoring medical ethics. Insists on such a procedure will lead to lack of diagnose diseases and provides prescribing the destructive drugs. This article a descriptive analytical research method. It seams to be achieved Patient Rights only with regard to the twodimensionality of human.

Surrogacy¡ as one of the most important modern technologies in the medical profession¡ in response to infertility issue has brought about legal¡ ethical¡ social… and psychological challenges. Controversial court cases throughout the world prove the claim. This new scientific achievement influences human interactions and relationships such as couple’s relationship¡ mother-child relationship and also relationships between women. It¡ also¡ seems that this phenomenon provides background for change and justification of ethical concepts¡ due to its association with some concepts as maternity¡ family¡ and birth which are worthwhile to the society. It is¡ therefore¡ essential to identify and scrutinize the challenges resulting from the phenomenon. It also should be mentioned that these challenges may equate or even exceed the problems with infertility. Taking into account its vital influence on the involved individuals¡ this article tries to¡ profoundly¡ investigate and criticize various dimensions of this phenomenon.