فصلنامه اخلاق زیستی
پیاپی 31 (بهار 1398)

In the 21 century, organizations are evolving rapidly and with an ethical leadership approach can promote employee citizenship rights and decrease cynicism. This study aimed to determine the effect of perceived ethical leadership behavior on organizational cynicism and citizenship rights.

In this descriptive-correlational study, the statistical population consisted of the employees of cooperative, labor and social welfare offices of Guilan province in 2016, with Using Cochran formula, 230 people were selected by simple random sampling. The questionnaires of Sharif and Islamiyah’s citizenship rights, Yilmaz's ethical leadership behaviors, and Brandes et al's attitude of employees were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and regression tests by SPSS 22 software.

Perceived ethical leadership behavior had a positive effect on citizenship rights and a negative effect on employee cynicism (p=0.05). That is, climate ethics, ethics in decision making, behavioral ethics, and communication ethics have a positive impact on, and enhance citizenship rights, as well as perceived ethical leadership dimensions reduce organizational cynicism.

According to the findings, adopting ethical leadership measures promotes organizational performance and productivity by promoting citizenship rights and reducing organizational cynicism. It is suggested that leaders of organizations, by adopting an ethical leadership approach, promote citizenship rights and reduce cynicism in their organization's employees and ensure the organization's stability, survival and progress.

Despite the many undeniable benefits of teamwork, this is still not favorable in many organizations. Therefore, identifying the factors that influence the effectiveness of teamwork is important. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of managers' moral character on the effectiveness of teamwork with mediating role of organizational trust.

In this correlation study target population consisted of all secondary school teachers in district 2 of Zahedan city in the academic year 2018-19. The sample size was estimated 265 persons using Cochran formula. Sampling was done in a random-stratified proportional method. Nasr Esfahani's managers' good character (2011), Kanawattanachai and Yoo's organizational trust (2002) questionnaires and teamwork effectiveness questionnaire adapted from Fredman and Yarbrough (1985) used to data collection. Correlation test and structural equation modeling were used for data analysis using SPSS and LISREL softwares.

The direct effect of managers' good character on teamwork effectiveness (β=5.61, t=0.42) and organizational trust (t=8.26 , β=0.73) and also direct effect of organizational trust on teamwork effectiveness was significant (t=0.56 , β=6.55). The indirect effect of managers' good character on the effectiveness of teamwork with the mediating role of organizational trust (β=0.408) was also significant.

Managers who adhere to the ethical principles of commitment, fairness, compassion, good will, availability and empaty can increase organizational trust and consequently the effectiveness of teamwork

Given the changing needs of organizations and society, productivity and competition require attention to professional ethics, teamwork and accountability. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of professional ethics on organizational accountability with mediating role of teamwork.

In this descriptive-correlational study, the study population was the staff of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences in 2018 According to Cochran formula, 170 people were selected using simple random sampling. Qasemzadeh's Professional ethics (2014), Linchoni's Teamwork (2000) and Bovens's (2005) Public accountability questionnaires were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS24 and Amos22 statistical softwares.

Professional ethics had a direct and significant effect on teamwork (0.62) and staff accountability (0.58). The direct effect of teamwork on staff accountability was significant (0.43). Also, mediathing role of teamwork in the impact of professional ethics on accountability (0.26) was confirmed. Among the components of professional ethics, empathy (0.95) had the highest and respect for others (0.43) had the lowest factor load. Among the components of teamwork, commitment (0.85) had the highest and the constructive approach (0.49) had the lowest factor load. Among the dimensions of accountability, the dimension of professional accountability (0.90) had the highest and the dimension of legal accountability (0.57) had the lowest factor load.

According to the findings, staff training for professional ethics and teamwork skills can provide the ground for unity and teamwork that results in increased organizational accountability.

Given the effects of this course on human personality, paying attention to the moral education of elementary students is of particular importance. The purpose of this study was to explain the elements of moral education curriculum for elementary students based on the principles of humanistic psychology.

In this qualitative study of the type of speculative, documents analysis used to collect data. The theories of humanistic psychology (third wave) were studied and its implications for the elements of curriculum were extracted from the viewpoint of Miller and then analyzed in inductive and reflective manner.

The implications for each element of the curriculum emerged as followings. The purposes must be clear, individual, uplifting, engaging and worthy. Active student should be self-motivate, interactive and believed in the supervision of the supernatural power (The God) over actions. The teacher should be a role model, supporter, empower to communicate with the learners and facilitator. The teaching-learning method must be various, indirect, active and problem-oriented. Learning environment should be friendly and encourages democratic and moral character and tailored according to the interests and growth level of learners. The evaluation must be based on performance measurement methods with emphasis on qualitative data, comprehensiveness and continuity and Person-centered approaches.

The findings show all elements are interacting with each other. Thus, it is recommended to pay attention to the individual dimensions of the learners, the inclusiveness of them, effective communication and using active and indirect methods in the teaching-learning process.

Quality of life is a multidimensional subjective concept that has been of interest to humanities researchers in recent years. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Islamic work ethic and spiritual intelligence with quality of work life among faculty members of Islamic Azad University, Behbahan branch.

This was a descriptive- correlational study. The statistical population consisted of all of the full-time faculty members, in the second semester of the Academic year 12017-18. Data were collected using Walton’s Quality of Work Life, Ali’s Islamic Work Ethics, and Sohrabi and Naseri’s Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and regression tests by SPSS 22 software.

There was a significant positive relationship between Islamic work ethics and spiritual intelligence (dimensions of transcendent self-awareness, patience, forgiveness) and quality of work life (p <0.05). Regression test showed that Islamic work ethic with beta coefficient of 0.40, self-knowledge with beta coefficient of 0.33 and patience with beta coefficient of 0.17, were able to predict the teachers' quality of work life, respectively. Research variables accounted for 50% of the changes in the quality of working life.

According to the findings, it is recommended that the authorities promote the quality of work life by establishing an ethical atmosphere and encouraging staff to carry out activities based on Islamic teachings as well as aligning values with the organizational mission of the university, provide the ground for enhancing the work life quality of the faculty members.

Considering the relationship between leadership behaviors and organizational citizenship behaviors in previous researchs, this study aimed to determine the relationship between transformational leadership with organizational citizenship behaviors with mediating role of ethical climate and job attitudes.

This was a descriptive-correlational study. The study population consisted of 192 elementary school teachers of Sanandaj city in the academic year 2018-19. Sample size was estimated using Morgan table and available sampling method was used. Bass & Avolio’s Transformational leadership (1997), Victor & Cullen’s Ethical climate (1998), Ackfelt & Coote’s Job attitudes (2005) and Organ’s Organizational citizenship behavior (1988) questionnaires were used to collect data. To analyze the data correlation test and Structural equation modeling was used.

There was a significant correlation between the research variables (p<0.01). The effect of transformational leadership on positive ethical climate (β=0.63 , t=4.70), and job attitudes (β=0.48 , t=3.74) was significant. Also, the effect of ethical climate on job attitudes (β=0.65 , t=3.34) and organizational citizenship behaviors (β=0.85 , t=3.28) and effect of job attitudes on organizational citizenship behaviors was approved (β=0.44 , t=3.49). Overall, the model was well-fitted (X2/df=2.21).

Based on the findings, positive ethical climate and job attitudes play mediating role in the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behaviors. Therefore, efforts to improve ethical climate and teachers' professional attitudes of the schools are recommended.

Organizational managers are seeking strategies for innovative behaviors and enhancing job independence. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of ethical leadership on innovative behaviors with mediating role of the job independence.

This was a descriptive-correlational study based on structural equation modeling performed on 177 experts of Alborz Electricity Distribution Company. Sampling was done by simple random method. The Brown et al’s ethical leadership (2005), Janssen et al’s innovative behaviors (2000) and De Jong and Hartog’s job independence questionnaires were used for data collection. Data analysis was done by Spearman correlation test and structural equation modeling using Smart PLS2 and SPSS 23 soft wares.

There was a significant correlation between ethical leadership, innovative behaviors and job independence (P=0.01). The direct effect of ethical leadership on innovative behavior (β=0.27 , t=2.47) and job independence (β=0.915 , t=18.91), and the effect of job independence on innovative behavior (β=0.65 , t=7.40) was also significant. The indirect effect of ethical leadership on innovative behavior with mediating role of job independence was significant using the Sobel test (β=0.22 , t=2.73).

Applying ethical leadership style can pave the way for job independence and increase innovative behaviors. Therefore, in order to enhance the level of employees' job independence, it is recommended that managers adhere to moral norms such as honesty, fairness, commitment and responsibility in interacting with the employees.

The lifestyle represents the culture and civilication of a community and adheres to moral and social norms, which is a guarantor of a system based on public cohesion and social solidarity. This study aimed at studying and analyzing the life style of ancient Iranian societies and identifying its weaknesses and strengths.

In this analytical study, using the documents, the life style of the ancient Iranian societies including the kingdom of the Medes, Achaemenids, Ashkanians, and Sassanids was studied and analyzed from the objective and subjective aspects.

The lifestyle in urban societies of ancient Iran, was rooted in their worldview, and although religious teachings were based on moral standards and human dignity and adherence to rituals included a part of the life of the peoples of that time, but the rules of civil law and the manner of execution of them have been accompanied by shortcomings and social inequalities. Despite the development of lifestyle in ancient Iranian societies, there were no equal opportunities for all groups and segments of the society in terms of exploiting existing capacities. At that time, it was believed that goods belong to the kings, and the superior classes are mentally and intellectually better and other people are obliged to follow them. Conclusion According to the conditions of the ecosystem, a kind of alignment has been created in the life style of Iranians according to the environmental factors that these experiences can be used in the current social conditions.Background and Aim The lifestyle represents the culture and civilication of a community and adheres to moral and social norms, which is a guarantor of a system based on public cohesion and social solidarity. This study aimed at studying and analyzing the life style of ancient Iranian societies and identifying its weaknesses and strengths. Materials and Methods In this analytical study, using the documents, the life style of the ancient Iranian societies including the kingdom of the Medes, Achaemenids, Ashkanians, and Sassanids was studied and analyzed from the objective and subjective aspects. Findings The lifestyle in urban societies of ancient Iran, was rooted in their worldview, and although religious teachings were based on moral standards and human dignity and adherence to rituals included a part of the life of the peoples of that time, but the rules of civil law and the manner of execution of them have been accompanied by shortcomings and social inequalities. Despite the development of lifestyle in ancient Iranian societies, there were no equal opportunities for all groups and segments of the society in terms of exploiting existing capacities. At that time, it was believed that goods belong to the kings, and the superior classes are mentally and intellectually better and other people are obliged to follow them. Conclusion According to the conditions of the ecosystem, a kind of alignment has been created in the life style of Iranians according to the environmental factors that these experiences can be used in the current social conditions.