International Journal of Enteric Pathogens
Volume:3 Issue: 2, May 2015

Staphylococci bacteria cause different diseases, varies from mild skin infections to serious bacteremia. Also they are a major cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections globally. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are the two important opportunistic pathogens of the staphylococci that both can cause bacteremia.. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of S. aureus and S. epidermidis among blood culture of patients of Ghaem Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Mashhad, Iran, during 6 years (2006 - 2011)..Patients and In this retrospective study, hospital medical records of 28000 patients referred to Ghaem Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Mashhad, Iran, who were suspicious of blood infections during 6 years (2005-2011), were extracted. The patient’s blood culture with staphylococcal growth and their antibiogram results during 2006 - 2011 were collected and studied.. Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from 600 (2.14%) out of 28000 blood cultures. Furthermore, 420 (70%), 170 (28.3%) and 10 (1.7%) out of 600 bacterial isolates identified as S. epidermidis, S. aureus and other Staphylococcus spp., respectively. Ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefixime, ceftazidime, penicillin, oxacillin, nalidixic acid and cephepime were the most antibiotics that the isolates were resistant against. Also vancommycin and chloramphenicol were the most effective antibiotics against S. epidermidis and S. aureus, respectively.. Prevalence of Staphylococcal bacteremia caused by S. epidermidis is fairly high comparing to S. aureus among patients referred to Ghaem Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Mashhad, Iran. Also the resistance rate of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from blood against commonly used antibiotic is high, but there are some highly sensitive antibiotic against the infection..

Drug resistance property of disease causing pathogens is a serious issue in the field of medicine and so further attempts to search for new antimicrobial agents from plant source is the need of the hour.. The purpose of this study was to examine the preliminary phytochemicals and investigate the antibacterial potential of Cleistanthus collinus (Euphorbiaceae) aqueous extract and fractions.. C. collinus plant leaf material was dried and the hot aqueous extract was prepared. All the fractions obtained from serial and direct extraction methods were subjected to the preliminary phytochemical screening and characterization. Antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration of C. collinus crude aqueous extract and its fractions were analyzed against selected pathogens.. Preliminary phytochemical screening, UV-Vis spectrum analysis clearly differentiate crude leaf extract and fractions. Among the tested plant extract and fractions, ethyl acetate and hexane fractions showed profound antibacterial activity. Serial fraction of hexane showed higher antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae (21 - 40 mm zone of inhibition and MICs 36.5 - 70.5 μg). V. cholerae was highly susceptible to all the fractions and extract of C. collinus.. Aqueous extract and its serial fractions of C. collinus exhibited bactericidal activity against tested pathogens. This study confirms the presence of promising Phyto-constituents in C. collinus leaf material which could be exploited for the further pharmacological studies to develop a drug to control the infectious disease causing pathogens..

Campylobacter spp. is recognized as one of the important bacterial agents of food borne diseases worldwide. C. jejuni and C. coli are the most frequently reported species causing bacterial gastrointestinal disorders in developed and some of the developing countries.. The goals of this survey were to detect and to differentiate C. jejuni and C. coli species in stool specimens and to determine the frequency of Campylobacter gastroenteritis in children referred to Bahonar hospital in Karaj city using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)..Patients and One hundred sixty stool specimens were collected from neonates and children under 8 years old during August to October of 2009. PCR was optimized to amplify a 400 bp fragment of the cad F gene of Campylobacter genus in the clinical specimens, then multiplex PCR optimization was carried out using hipO and asp primers. C. jejuni RTCC 1097 and C. coli RTCC 1113 reference strains were used as positive controls and only the PCR positive specimens were examined by this method.. The results revealed the amplification of a 400 bp DNA fragment and Campylobacter contamination in 11.3 % of the specimens. Of 18 PCR positive specimens examined by duplex PCR method, 4 (22.2%) were identified as C. jejuni, 2 (11.1%) as C. coli, 3 (16.6%) as mixed infection with both species and 9 (50% of the positive specimens) were identified as non coli – non jejuni Campyltobacter. The sensitivity of the single PCR method at the DNA level was determined to be 100 pg and the specificity of the method was determined using 6 other important bacterial agents of gastrointestinal diseases.. Although the findings of this survey confirmed the presence of C. jejuni and C. coli species in half of the positive specimens, the probable role of the other species of Campylobacter in children gastroenteritis was unexpected..

The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria with biofilm formation ability may be a major threat to public health and food safety and sanitation.. The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance patterns and biofilm production characteristics of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from different species of birds.. The antibiotic resistance patterns of 38 pre-identified isolates were screened by standard Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method performed on Mueller–Hinton agar to a panel of 17 antibiotics. The extent of biofilm formation was measured by Microtiter plate (MTP)-based systems.. The highest antimicrobial resistance was detected against nalidixic acid (97%), followed by doxycycline (86%), colistin (84%), streptomycin (84%) and tetracycline (84%). All isolates were sensitive to amikacin (100%) and 97% and 95% of the isolates were sensitive to ceftazidime and ceftriaxone, respectively. Twenty one different antibiotic resistance patterns were observed among S. typhimurium isolates. According to the results of the microtitre plate biofilm assay, there was a wide variation in biofilm forming ability among S. typhimurium isolates. Most of the isolates (60.52%) were not capable of producing biofilm, while 26.31%, 7.89%, and 5.26% isolates were weak, strong and moderate biofilm producers, respectively.. It was concluded that nearly all S. typhimurium isolates revealed a high multiple antibiotic resistant with low biofilm forming capabilities which proposed low association between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance of a major food important pathogen..

The severity of Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with virulence factors of the bacteria and host immune response. H. pylori has several virulence factors which a number of them are essential to emerge clinical outcomes. Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) is the most important H. pylori virulence factor.. The aim of our study was to assess a significant relationship between presence of cagA and severity of clinical manifestation in esophageal and gastroduodenal disorders..Patients and A total of 240 gastric biopsies were collected between March 2012 and August 2013 from Tehran''s hospitals. Three sets of biopsy specimens were obtained from the antrum and rapid urease tests, histological examination, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay were performed on the biopsy specimens.. One hundred and eight (45%) of biopsy specimens were positive with rapid urease test and ureC gene PCR. Moreover, thirty eight (35.1%) of positive specimens had cagA gene. The rate of gastric and duodenum inflammation was more in patients who carried CagA positive H. pylori strains. Whereas less inflammation and sever lesions in esophagus were found in CagA negative H. pylori strains.. Our study demonstrates a strong relationship between CagA and esophageal and gastroduodenal disorders. The number of CagA negative H. pylori was larger than CagA positive in esophagus lesion grade A, C, and D. Therefore, cagA may have a protective effect on some esophageal diseases. In addition, the number of CagA positives was larger than CagA negative H. pylori in gastric antrum and duodenum ulcer. Thus, CagA play a role to emerge peptic and duodenal ulcers..

E. coli is regarded as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance in foods of animal origin. E. coli can be categories into four main phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 and D). The commensal E. coli strains mostly are assigned to the phylo-groups A and B1.. The purposes of this study were to determine the phylogenetic group/subgroups and antibiotic resistance patterns of ostrich E. coli isolates in Iran.. A total of 126 E. coli isolates were obtained from cloacae swabs of the healthy ostrich in Kerman, Iran. The E. coli isolates were confirmed using biochemical API 20E identification system. The confirmed isolates were studied to determine phylogenetic background by PCR. The isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance against 12 different antibiotic disk by disk diffusion method.. Phylotyping of E. coli isolates indicated that 74 isolates belonged to A, 27 isolates to B1, 7 isolates to B2, and 18 isolates to D groups. Also the isolates fell into six phylogenetic subgroups, including 34 isolates in A0, 40 isolates in A1, one isolate in B22, 6 isolates in B23, 11 isolates in D1 and 7 isolates in subgroup D2. In the examined E. coli isolates, the maximum rate of resistance was against tetracycline, and the minimum rate of resistance was against amoxicillin. Twenty three antibiotic resistance patterns were detected among the isolates. The cefoxitin and tetracycline resistance pattern was the most prevalent in the isolates that belonged to phylo-group A.. In conclusion, the result of the present study revealed a low frequency of antibiotic resistance in ostrich E. coli isolates. The antibiotic resistance patterns were in relation to A and D phylogenetic groups. Further studies are needed to better understand the distribution of phylogenetic groups in poultry isolates..

E. coli strains can cause a wide variety of intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. Increasing occurrence of antibiotic resistance would complicate the treatment of such diseases.. The aim of this study was to detect the egg yolk immunoglobulin Y as a potential source of anti-Escherichia coli.. This study was conducted by using killed E.coli with formaldehyde as antigen. Chickens were immunized with 500 µL of antigen diluted in equal volume of Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA). Booster injections of increasing concentrations of antigen were given to raise the antibody level in serum. The specificity of antibody was confirmed by ELISA method.. Chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) were raised against E. coli in the serum after injections. Up to 1.10000 dilution antibodies were determined in serum, which shows high amount of antibodies are produced in immunized chickens.. Further studies have to be conducted to evaluate the potency of these antibodies in treatment of variety of diseases. The outcome of this research work would be an alternative to the current antibiotic treatments..

Biofilm formation plays an important role in resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates; especially multidrug-resistant isolates are a threat to healthcare settings.. The aims of this study were to detect biofilm formation and presence of several related genes among multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus..Patients and A total Of 209 S. aureus strains were isolated from patients and identified by conventional diagnostic tests. The multidrug-resistant MRSA isolates were detected by antibiotic susceptibility test. The phenotypic biofilm formation was detected by micro-titre tissue plate assay. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the mecA, Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) types, accessory gene regulatory (agr) genes, the icaADBC and several genes encoding staphylococcal surface proteins including clfAB, fnbAB, fib, eno, can, ebps and bbp genes with specific primers.. Sixty-four (30.6%) isolates were methicillin-resistant, among which thirty-six (56.2%) were MDR. These isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, erythromycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (except to 6 isolates). All the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. All the MDR-MRSA harbored SCCmec type III. All the MDR- MRSA isolates were strong biofilm producers in the phenotypic test. The majority of MDR- MRSA was belonged to agrI (67%, n = 24), followed by agr II (17%, n = 6), agrIV (11%, n = 4) and agrIII (5.5%, n = 2). The frequency of icaADBC genes were 75% (n = 27), 61% (n = 22), 72% (n = 26) and 72% (n = 26), respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence of clfA, clfB, fnbA, fnbB, fib, can, eno, ebps and bbp genes was 100%, 100%, 67%, 56%, 80%, 63%, 78%, 7% and 0%, respectively. Furthermore, approximately all the MRSA was strong biofilm producers.. Multidrug-resistant isolates produced biofilm strongly and the majority harbored most of biofilm related genes, suggesting that biofilm formation is associated to the presence of these genes, and also biofilm production can increase the antibiotic resistance as have demonstrated in MDR-MRSA isolates..