فصلنامه اقتصاد فضا و توسعه روستایی
سال سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 10، زمستان 1393)

The achievement of sustainable development is being considered as prominent objective of rural planners. Agriculture is very important sector in this regard. Its associated activities could encompass all pillar of sustainability that is economic, environmental, social and institutional. Jouzan in Hamadan is being known as one of the major area regarding raisin as well as grape production. This in turn, is associated with sustainable rural economic development. The research questions are as follow: To what extent nuts and dried fruits are responsible for employment opportunities and income generation? Are these products capable of attracting investment?

Needed data were obtained through both field works and documentation. Statistical society composed of all rural settlers of Jouzan district. According to 2011 census this district encompasses 12 villages, 2204 households and 7301 persons. Maniran upper Nowshar due to high acreage of vine vary yard were chosen as sample villages via random sampling technique and Cochran formula. Viability of this study through application of Kronbakh alpha turned out to be 0.821.

This study suggests that the household’s status from income stand point compare with the time that this village was not involved in dried fruit production, greatly improved, number of created job due to construction of raison processing companies. It further shows that the amount of saving and purchasing power of rural settlers greatly promoted. The degree of investment in both private and public sectors increased thanks, to positive economic impact of raison and dried fruit production.

Nowadays, economic, social and technological changes namely in the area of transportation affect urban-rural relations to a great extent. That is current urban rural conditions are predominately affected by the quantity and quality of these relations. This study aims to investigate the impacts of these economic relations upon socialeconomic status of rural areas of Chehelcha located in Minoodasht.

This study has both applied and analytical –descriptive nature. Needed data are obtained through field works as well as documentation. Statistical society is composed of all rural household heads of Chehelcha in Minoodasht. According to 2011 census, this district includes 37 populated villages with 6003 households. Take into consideration village’s type from locational standpoint as well as number of households, 8 villages was selected out of which 2 were mountainous, 3 were associated with foot hills and finally 3 were chosen out of flat villages. Using Cochran formula, 234 households were determined to be right sample sizes which were extracted via random classified sampling Technique. This study further supports application of SPSS for data analysis purpose.

The existed economic relations in the study area possess great variations. The main economic flows between urban and rural area due to settlers engagement in farming practice have gardening farming and livestock characters. With industrial activities expansion including construction of industrial towns, new economic relations between villages and towns emerged. This in turn, resulted in great and increasing changes in rural spaces. This could be interpreted through urban-rural economic relations. These relations made urban economic dominance to have low profile. It means that urban area benefit more out of these linkages and interactions. This finally suggests that rural urban relations greatly impacted the improvement of rural economic status.

The accumulation of capital is being considered as a major driving force as far as the development is concerned. The mechanism of this accumulation implemented during three processes. Capital accumulation within different historical and geographical setting results in special locational forms known as space economy. Historical experiences with respect to capital accumulation in Iran indicate that the first phase of this accumulation has been occurred in Iran. However, this cycle did not follow second and third phases. In other word, productive investment did not happen in the country .This paper aims to investigate the trend of capital accumulation as well as its relevant spatial analysis.

This study predominantly deals with documentation gathered via statistical center. It further demands application of Pearson regression correlation for analysis purpose. More specifically, it demands Moran statistic, standard deviation in order to measure spatial auto correlation GIS and SPSS software were used as well.

This study suggests that the first phase of capital accumulation did not occur in the country. The nature of capital accumulation did not lead to productive investment. There exists a prominent gap from wealth generation potential and accumulation of capital standpoint. The existed spatial organization, lack of economic network system, and the existence of service economy and high real state dependency all restricted the achievement of this possibility. This in turn is associated with the situation of the country within global economy. Prominent global economy dominance with high potential regarding security and guaranteed investment turn over, act as magnet. It is argued that informative investment and knowledge based understanding exclusively act within global context in which many countries are unable to compete with multi-national corporations.

All governments through different policies, laws, and regulations try to deal with distribution issue and demand distinct distribution . Every community encounters with its own laws .Distributive justice notion tries to offer strategy regarding relevant alternatives. The proponents of “discrependency principle” contend changing policies and laws toward the betterment of low income groups. The major research questions are as follows: Does distribute justice exist in the essential goods consumption of rural settlers of Iran’s province? How is the consumption pattern of different income groups in Iran? How is the price and income sensitivity associated with this group? Spatial distributive analysis regarding the consumption of essential goods and systematic demand function were applied for this purpose.

The needed data is associated with bread, rice, meat, and both granulated and cub sugar costs obtained from 1974-2011 statistics. They were extracted from statistical hand book of rural households incomes and costs using prime price indices of central bank. Moreover, differential demand functions were applied for the measurement of price sensitivity coefficient. E views software were used for the estimation of the statistical model.

This study suggests that the price sensitivity regarding rice, sugar, bread and meat associated with poor rural settlers during 1974-2011 time period were 1.660- 0.289, 0.471 and -0.861 respectively. These figure pertaining to rural middle class determined to be 1.972, 0.332, 0.449 and 0.840 respectively. Associated figures for rural well-off settlerswere 1.381, 0.486, 0.448 and 0.884.

Lack of variations existed in economic settings and a job opportunity is being considered as the most significant characteristics of the rural country’s economic structures. It is argued that occurrence of variations in rural economic activities as an approach, could be considered as an appropriate measure in which most of the development theoricians believe in regarding the mitigation of the negative impacts associated with this mal structure as well as the achievement of sustainable rural development. The major objective of this study deals with identification of main barriers regarding the occurrence of variations in rural economic activities of the bordering villages located in Marivan.

The research method based on the objectives of the study has applied nature. It has descriptive and analytical essence. The statistical society is associated with Marivan which is located in 10 km of Iraq international border. 18 villages were selected as a sample. The sample size based on application of Cochran formula amounted to be 334 households. This study further supports the application of SPSS software for analysis purposes.

This study suggests that barriers toward regional variations could be classified into social, physical, and managerial – institutional ones. However, there is not a drastic difference between all the selected villages from barriers stand points. Generally speaking the barriers are numerous. Based on step wise regression method, managerial institutional, physical, economic and social variables are capable of explaining 88% of the variation. It further suggests that the managerial- institutional structures compare with others are more responsible for lack of variations in rural economic activities.

Stagnation with regard to rural traditional economic activities based on natural resources including agriculture and mining during last decades demand new strategies regarding strength and variations in economic activities and bases. However, concentration upon one type of economic activity of Iran’s rural settlements may waste energy and production resources as well as out migration. It is argued that instability in the country’s villages is resulted from lack of variations in economic activities associated in rural settlements. This study aims to create variation in economic activities and achievement of economic sustainability in rural settlements of Khoramdareh in Zanjan.

This study has applied nature. However, methodologically speaking is descriptiveanalytical. 28 measures were chosen in order to access the economic sustainability of rural settlements. Statistical society is composed of 1143 households out of which 287 were selected from 4 villages that are Rahmatabad, Baghdareh, Alvand and Sukahriz out of 17 villages. Cronbach’s alpha was applied for viability of the research. It turns out to be 0.765. VIKOR model was used for the analysis purpose.

This study suggests that those villages that possess job variation rank higher in terms of sustainability. According to classification of the villages based on number of jobs, Sukahriz with 32 jobs falls into the highest class with 2396 population. It follows by Rahmatabad with 22 jobs and 889 persons which fall into medium group. Alvand and Baghdareh with 14 and 11 jobs and 362 and 850 persons respectively fall into the lowest category. Based on application of VIKOR model regarding the assessment of studied villages from economic sustainability stand point, Sukahriz with 0.025 within range of 0.325 - 0.000 possesses higher sustainability.

Variations in rural economy, prevention of the unprecedented rural-urban migration, and reduction in spatial imbalances between rural and urban areas via creation of industries namely industrial towns are being considered as the fundamental Iran’s policies regarding rural development. The major objective of this study is to identify and investigate the economic impact of Aghola industrial towns upon the adjacent rural areas located in Gorgan in Aghola.

This study from methodological stand point has descriptive- analytical nature. However based on its objective, possesses applied essence. The data gathering demands application of field works as well as documentation. The studied villages composed of 7 villages located in vicinity of this industrial town. 320 households were selected based on random sampling technique and Cochran formula. The credibility of the study was checked by rural studies experts. Viability determined to be 70 % based on Kronbakh Alpha. This study is further supported by principle component analysis as well as one way analysis of variance using SPSS.

This study suggests that the location of Aghola industrial town imposed a prominent economic impact upon the adjacent rural development. However, increase in welfare and purchasing power component compare with the other components possesses the highest significant difference.

The industrialization of rural areas has led to changes in rural economies through the absorption of rural population. This in turn, helps in reduction in unemployment rate as well as economic growth. This strategy is capable of improving rural standard of living and paves the way for the achievement of sustainable rural economy. This study tries to investigate the dimensions, aspects and benefits associated with linkages between agriculture and rural industries in general and in central part of Rasht in particular. It further stresses on the impact of agricultural complementary processing industries upon rural economy.

This study has applied nature and it is based on descriptive - analytical method. It further demands application of survey, field works as well as documentation. Statistical society composed of rural development experts. Out of 243 first round questionnaires, 48 were selected. The credibility of this questionnaire was done using the related experts. Its viability was determined to be 0.876 using Kronbakh alpha. This study further supports application of SPSS, Excel and Arc GIS for data analysis purpose.

This study suggests that the benefits and impacts of linkages between agriculture and industries are proven. This could exemplify itself in agricultural product support at different production stages, usage of new agricultural economic method, strengthening rural economy base, creation of jobs incomes as well as expansion of exports and rural investments. This linkage in turn could lead to strengthening rural economy bases and the achievement of rural sustainable development. It finally conveys this message that the only way of increase in agricultural products and self- sufficiency and entering into international market competition is through creation of agricultural complementary – processing industries.