فهرست مطالب

Nuts - Volume:9 Issue: 2, Summer-Autumn 2018

Journal of Nuts
Volume:9 Issue: 2, Summer-Autumn 2018

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1397/08/01
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • Hamid Alipour *, Mohammad Kafi, Ahmad Nezami, Amir Hossein Mohammadi Pages 93-103
    Pistachio is one of the economically important horticultural crops in Iran. The main pistachio-producing areas in Iran are located at the edge of the desert and are affected by soil and water salinity. Water and nutrient uptake by the root decreases under saline conditions. In this study, the effects of foliar growth regulators applied at different times on the nutrient uptake and leaf nutrient content of pistachio trees were examined in accordance with a split-plot experimental design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The field experiment was conducted with a group of 30-year-old pistachio trees that have been exposed to water and soil salinity. Experimental factors included the timing of foliar application and the applied concentrations of plant growth regulators. The timing of foliar application was the main factor and was split into three levels: application on May 21th, June 21th, and May 21th + June 21th. Different concentrations of plant growth regulators, including sodium nitroprusside, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid, were split into ten levels and were designated as the sub-factor. Results showed that the timing of application and the applied concentration of plant growth regulators affected root nutrient uptake and leaf nutrient content. The one-time application of plant growth regulators in June and the two-stage application of plant growth regulators in May and June resulted in the highest increase in leaf nutrient content compared with the control treatment. The application of low and moderate concentrations of plant growth regulators increased leaf nutrient content compared with the control treatment. High concentrations of plant growth regulators exerted no significant effects on leaf nutrient content.
    Keywords: Foliar application, Jasmonic acid, Salicylic acid, Sodium nitroprusside
  • Mousa Rasouli *, Mohammad Reza Fattahi Moghaddam, Ali Imani, Zabihollah Zamani, Pedro Martnez, Gmez Pages 105-122
    In this study flowering time and other important morphologic traits were evaluated during two years in F1 almond progenies of seventy two seedlings from cross between the intermediate flowering Italian cultivar ‘Tuono’ and the extra-late blooming Iranian cultivar ‘Shahrood-12’. A modified-bulk segregant analysis in combination with the application of the 140 RAPD primers, 87 nuclear SSR markers spanning the whole almond genome and 5 chloroplast SSR markers, were used to identify molecular markers linked to flowering time. Results showed a quantitative inheritance of this trait in the studied progenies. The seedlings showed a wide range of flowering dates between both progenitors although some of these descendants were earlier in flowering than the early progenitor ‘Tuono’. Results showed that among RAPD markers evaluated, BA-17600,1000, BC-05320, BC-06800, BC-141750, BC-17600, BC-20250, OPC-05850 and OPC-09700,1100 markers were linked to late blooming time. In addition, markers BA-04720, BB-10630,BC-092000, BD-12510andOPC-12350 were linked to early blooming time. Two microsatellite loci (CPPCT008 and EPPCU2584) were also found to be tightly linked to flowering time. After construction the genetic map of population, QTL analysis was performed for blooming time. QTL analysis showed that OPC-09700,1100 and BA-17600,1000, markers were respectively located in 2 and 4 cM distance from one of the late flowering time loci. Also the BA-04720marker was located in 3 cM distances from one of the loci controlling early flowering time. These results are applicable in almond breeding programs for markers assisted strategy. The application of these results to other Prunus species has been also discussed.
    Keywords: BSA, Genetic Mapping, Marker Assisted Selection, Prunus dulcis, QTL
  • Hossein Najarpour, Fatemeh Hasanzadeh Davarani *, Mohammad Moradi Pages 123-134
    Research in plant disease management focuses on developing safe methods for humans and the environment in order to prevent the entry of harmful chemicals in food. Simple inorganic salts have low cost and are safe enough to be used as pesticides. Phytophthora genus causes crown and root rot (gummosis) in crops and leads to great losses in some pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) production areas annually. In this study, the potential efficacy of different calcium salts with various concentrations on Phytophthora pistaciae control was examined. This was done to find out a safe way of material usage instead of synthetic pesticides. Samples from the crown of a pistachio tree, with gummosis, were cultured on lima bean agar to isolate and purify the pathogen. P. pistaciae identification was done using the PCR method with ITS4 and ITS6 primers. Pathogenicity of isolate was confirmed through tests on apples, pistachio branches, and pistachio seedlings. Different concentrations of seven calcium salts (chloride, nitrate, sulfate, oxide, hydroxide, phosphate, and carbonate) were applied which reduced mycelial growth and 3000ppm of calcium oxide inhibited it completely. Most of the salts reduced the number of sporangia, zoospores, and cyst germination percentage. Calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide also caused hyphae branching and deformation of some sporangia. The results suggested that some calcium salts, especially calcium oxide, could control the growth of P. pistaciae in vitro. Future in vivo studies are needed to examine whether calcium salts can reduce the disease severity and spread of the pathogen in the environment if those are sprinkled over the soil around the infested crown.
    Keywords: Calcium salts, Cyst, Gummosis, Phytophthora, Sporangium, Zoospore
  • Behzad Saffari, HamidReza Akhavan* Pages 135-145
    Fresh pistachio fruit cv. Kalleghochi was harvested from the exterior and interior parts of the tree canopy in four geographical directions. The fruit position in exterior and interior parts of the tree canopy has a significant influence on the number of nuts per ounce, pistachio splitting, hull weight, shell weight, kernel weight, colour indices and total anthocyanin content. Results indicated that the number of nuts per ounce, pistachio splitting, kernel weight, red skin colour (a*) and total anthocyanin content of outer-canopy fruits were higher than the fruits from inner-canopy fruits. Pistachio splitting was highest (98.6%) in outer-canopy in comparison to inner-canopy (50.3%) fruits. Results also indicated that the sunlight exposure increased red colour development and accumulation of anthocyanins. The total anthocyanin contents of hull in outer-canopy were 91% higher than those in inner-canopy fruits. Therefore, phenolic accumulation in pistachio hull may be taken into consideration as an important source of functional compounds in food systems with health promoting effects and antimicrobial activity. Results of this study suggest that the fruit position within the canopy is an important factor in determining physicochemical characteristics of pistachio fruit.
    Keywords: Anthocyanin, Fruit position, Fruit weight, Pistachio fruit, Sunlight
  • Mahdieh Rostami, Nader Hasanzadeh *, Pezhman Khodaygan, Ali Riahi Madvar Pages 147-157
    IIce nucleation active (INA) bacteria are common epiphytic inhabitants that cause frost damage in many plants in the near-zero temperatures. Yet, no studies were found in ice nucleation bacteria associated with pistachio trees. In our earlier study some INA strains were identified and reported. These were assigned as Pseudomonas fragi, P. putida, P. moraviensis and Pantoea agglomerans. In current work, two new strains namely P. viridiflava and Entrobacter cloacea were identified. Their ice nucleation frequency were evaluated and compared with above-mentioned ice positive strains isolated from pistachio trees. Pseudomonas fragi raf3 was considered as the most ice nucleation active bacteria. This was followed by P. putida raf6, P. moraviensis raf1, P. moraviensis raf5, Pantoea agglomeranse raf7, P. viridiflava raf2, Entrobacter cloacea raf8 and Pseudomonas sp. raf4, respectively. To detect INA genes, two sets of degenerate primers were used and partial INA gene sequences were amplified. INA gene sequence) 425bp) for Pseudomonas putida raf6, Pantoea agglomerans raf7 and P. fragi raf3 were amplified with primer pair of 3308/3463. Whereas, a fragment of 194bp was detected in Pseudomonas sp. raf4, P. moraviensis raf5 and P. moraviensis raf1using forward and reverse primer pair of 3076/3463. Entrobacter cloacea raf8 has reported for the first time as epiphytic ice plus strain. The capability of the latter as a bacterial biocontrol agent against insect pests was reported.
    Keywords: Ice nucleation bacteria, Ice nucleation frequency, Kerman province, Pistachio
  • Najmeh Azimi Zadeh *, Kamal Ahmadi Pages 159-168
    The common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer (Hem.: Aphalaridae), is one of the most important pests of pistachio orchards in Iran. Green lacewing, Chrysoperlacarnea, as a general predator found abundantly in Iranian pistachio gardens, loses its performance under the impression of pesticides spraying. Nowadays, considering environmental pollutions, human health and the importance of healthy and organic nutrition, extensive researches are carried out around the world in order to replace the synthetic products with plant materials. In this study, the mortality effect of two ethanol extracts of Tribulus terrestris and Tagetes erecta and two essential oils of Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis were studied on A. pistaciae and its natural enemy C. carnea. The results showed that, although essential oils do not have appreciable effect on mortality of this psylla, but the extracts have high mortality potential on psylla nymphs, especially on N1 nymphs and the low influence on 1-2 days green lacewing larvae. The plant extracts and essential oils have not effect on 5-6 days green lacewing larvae. The results show that the plant derived chemicals and ethanol have not negative effect on hatching rate of the natural enemy. Among these treatments, R. officinalis essential oil has negative effect on eggs hatching rate, so its use is not recommended. Therefore with no impact of plant material on natural enemies, we can use green lacewing and herbal extracts in integrated pest control.
    Keywords: Insecticidal effect, IPM, Mentha pulegium, Plant derived chemicals, Rosmarinus officinalis, Tagetes erecta, Tribulus terrestris
  • Najmeh Dabestani Rafsanjani, Mohammad Daneshi *, Ahmad Shakerardekani Pages 169-179
    Pistachio powder is a product used today in confectionery, ice cream, pistachio paste and other foods. Considering the higher rate of spoilage and oxidation in pistachio powder, developing methods to increase the shelf-life of this product is therefore important. In this study the effect of freezing and vacuum packaging on the quality characteristics of pistachio powder during storage was investigated. The effect of packaging conditions (vacuum or air packaging), storage temperature (25°C, -18°C) and storage time (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 months) on chemical (free fatty acids, acid value, peroxide value), physical (moisture content and color indexes of L*, a* and b*), and sensory (odor, taste, color, texture and overall acceptance) characteristics were studied. The results revealed that the peroxide value, acid value and free fatty acids in frozen and vacuum containers were lower than those packed without vacuum at room temperature. The results of sensory evaluation indicated a significant difference (p< 0.05) in samples.The best quality characteristics in terms of odor, taste, and overall acceptance belonged to the pistachio powder packed in vacuum and frozen conditions; however, in terms of texture , the containers packed and stored in ambient conditions showed better results. In all cases, the quality of pistachio powder decreased during the storage period. There was no significant difference between samples in moisture content, color indices of L*, a*, b* and sensory evaluation of color. It was generally found that packaging under vacuum and freezing could increase the shelf life of pistachio powder.
    Keywords: Freezing, Pistachio powder, Quality properties, Shelf life, Vacuum packaging
  • Mahmoud Houshyarfard *, Davood Javadi Pages 181-188
    Iran has suitable conditions for cultivating high-quality varieties of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.). Most of hazelnut orchards in Iran have been established by planting native genotypes. Aspergillus flavus Link. (AF) is a filamentous fungus affecting hazelnut kernels in orchards and during storage conditions. The most widely explored strategy for reducing aflatoxin contamination is the development of host resistance. The relative susceptibility of 12 native and exogenic hazelnut varieties including Soorii, Gerd-e-Eshkevarat, Gerd-e-Shouk, Navan 1, Fertil du Cortard, Pashmineh 89, Rasmi, Gerje, Ronde du pimount, Shastak, Negret, Gerdooii, to AF contamination was evaluated as in vitro by the kernel screening assay. Hazelnut kernels were surface sterilized and then inoculated with spore suspension (1×106 spores/ml) of AF by dipping method. Experiments were done in a completely randomized design with four replications. After five days of inoculation and incubation at 28 °C, the criteria of the AF growth (sporulation density, SD %) and sporulation rate (SR, spores/ml) on whole (intact) and wounded (cut) kernels of hazelnuts were measured. Results revealed statistical significant differences among hazelnut varieties for the SD% and SR parameters (ρ≤0.05). The Averages SD% and SR of A. flavus on intact and wounded kernels ranged from 16.50-75.14%, 48.25-100% and 14.6×105-16.7×106, 12.6×107-47.6×107, respectively. The highest and lowest SD% on whole and wounded kernels was related to hazelnut varieties Pashmeneh 89 and Gerde-Eshkevarat, respectively. The cultivated variety Gerde-Eshkevarat was recorded as an important potential source of resistance to AF.
    Keywords: Aflatoxin, Asprgillus flavus, Hazelnut, Susceptibility