مجله پژوهش های ترجمه در زبان و ادبیات عربی
پیاپی 8 (پاییز 1392)

Translation is one of the most important contemporary cultural issues. Thetranslator's jobis not only to replacewords, butasamediator, to createsome sort of coordination betweenthe national cultureandthe source culture thathasits owncustoms. This makes difficult the work of translator and makes his mission even more complex. Newmark, the American scholar and theorist in the field of translation proposed a method for translating cultural elements thathave been accepted in scientific circles. This study used a descriptive-analytical method, and based on Newmark's theoretical framework, it attempted to criticize and reviewthe translation of cultural concepts inthe novel "El-lisswal-kilab" by Naguib Mahfouz, which has been translated by two Iranian translators. Despitethe efforts made by the two translators, there can be seen complexities and short comings in the translation of cultural elements.The results show that in the translation, the integrative approach is less used as a method for the successful translation of cultural elements.

Every language has a unique system and its elements build their identity within this system and in association with other elements. Therefore, the translator cannot find equivalents for source language elements without considering this system. Rather, instead of finding precise equivalents for the elements of the source language, the translator should focus his/her attention on the values and the role of verbal communications, and by implementing essential changes, present a comprehensible translation to the target language readers. Through some practical examples, this article attempts to present strategies that help the fluent and accurate transfer of meaning in translation from Arabic into Persian. These strategies help to provide a translation based on target language norms, which is fluent and tangible to the audience. In line with this, some examples were selected from Al-TarjemahVa Adavateha: Darasaton Fi Nazariah Va Tatbiq, by Ali Al-Ghasemi.These examples were selected during the translation of this book. In order to take a step toward offering a systematic and scientific approach in translation, in this article we introduced the strategies applied for a better translation and the changes made to have a better rendition.

Translation is the re-expression of thoughts and motivation of the author or the speaker from the source language into the target language. In translation, the skill of understanding thoughts and motivations is regarded as important as adherence to style. Translation should be in such a way to affect the listener or reader. Here, as one of the most important elements in understanding text, context plays an important role in understanding the text. According to the theory of language context, meaning is examined based on the relation of proximity and substitution. The proximity relation is defined as the relation between words and the relation of a language element with other elements of the language. The substitution relation is defined as the relation of one word with other words that can be used instead of it, or can replace it. The present article examines the translation of political texts within the theoretical framework of linguistic context based on "Al-Taraf Al-Esraieli, Jazorahva Hesada". It also discusses linguistic context as well as proximity and substitution relations that affect the process of translation.

The present article aims to study and analyze Abdul Vahab Azzam’s translations in terms of style and structure along with his contributions in the field of Persian and Arabic language and literature. To be comprehensive in this research, a selection of his works has been investigated. To elaborate more on this subject, the viewpoints and translation style of Azzam, his translations of odes by such great Persian poets as Hafez, Molavi, EghbalLahori, Nezami, Atar Neyshaboori as well as his publications in Eastern languages are studied. In this research, a descriptive-analytical approach is used such that, first, it explores Azzam’s rare translated works in Arabic. Then, their structure and method is considered in relation to his translated critical papers and publications. Finally, the paper studies his translation of critical works in Persian and Arabic. The paper endeavors to indicate that Abdul Vahab Azzam, as one of the pioneers in the field of translation in Egypt, has taken remarkable measures in promoting and spreading the literature, culture, and civilization of Persians in Arabic through translation. By acquiring the principles of translation and employing his poetic talent, according to many theorists of the Arab world, he has appeared successful in translating Persian works into Arabic. Azzam’s poetic translations in transferring feelings and affections along with words and meanings have given value and importance to Azzam.

Subject is one of the major parts of the semantics, and has particular semantic capabilities, which must be carefully taken into account by the translator. Now, if the text that is to be translated is such an important text as Nahjolbalaqeh, this point needs to be more emphasized. While investigating some of the translations of this precious text into Persian, the author selected those subject conditions with special conceptual and semantic functions in the text and found that these concepts are neglected in the translation. Thus, this article attempts to offer the concepts using descriptive-analytical approach, so that translators will observe them in their future translations.

“Translation” means torender awordfrom one language toanother.Accordingtothe translationofthe textandits purpose, it divides into two types:(a) Semantic type, (b)Communicative type. Semantic translationisfaithfulto thetextandtranslates word by word, and it has featuresof a literal translation, in which the text is inclinedtowards thesource language. In contrast, it is a communicative reader-driven translation whose translation unit is sentence including fluency in speech. Nahjolbalagheh is a valuableandcredible religiouswork that is beyondthe words. Thisworkhasnearly 80translations, but the most importanttranslations belong toDashti, Shahidi, Qureshi,andFeiz-al-Islam. It is noteworthythatthese four translators chose one of the translation types, semantic or communicative, but they rely on the context in somewordsandphrases, and theyrelyonlyonthe text insomeothers. In addition, Dashti, Shahidi, and Qureshirely further ontranslationofthewordandgive aliteral translation, but the Feiz-al-Islam, according tohis work,hascentered on theinterpretationof his translation. In addition, thetranslation ofShahidi, insomephrases, is literary, but Dashtihas usedacontemporary languagein the translation. Inthispaper,we try tostudy theimagery translations inthesermons of"Jihad" and "Almlahm" inlibraryby relying onthe translationofNahjolbalagheh by Dashti, Shahidi, Qureshi, and Feiz-al-Islam to present these findings to the writers of Persian literature.

The purpose of this paper is classification, correction, and elaboration of the most outstanding mistakes and errors occurred in the Arabic translation of Beihaghi History by YahyaAlkheshab and SadeghNashat. This translation has been done based on the edition of GhasemGhani and Ali Akbar Fayaz. The Arabic translation of Beihaghi History as a historical document – which is considered outstanding from the literary and scientific point of view worldwide – is clear, and since the proper understanding of the Persian texts contributes to our knowledge of the Iranian literature and culture, it is indispensable for Iranians to assure the proper translation of those texts for non-Iranians. On the other hand, because of the historical and social subject of this book, its correct translation is considered necessary for Arab researchers. As a result, it is helpful for native speakers of Arabic interested in Persian language and literature. In this article, we have tried to investigate this translation from different points of view; we look into "translator's additions", "translator's reductions", "mistakes in finding lexical and idiomatic equivalents ", and "mistakes in content transmission". In addition, after reviewing each sample, we tried to suggest equivalents that are more suitable for them.