مجله زیست شناسی جانوری
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (زمستان 1397)

Parkinson's disease is one of the most common types of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by motor disorders such as slow motion, lack of movement, muscle stiffness, resting vibrations, and facial masks. The main cause of the disease is the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the compact part of the substantia nigra in the middle cerebrum, which is associated with a decrease in dopamine concentration at the terminals of corpus striatum. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of coenzyme Q10 on the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced animal model (PD). To create a mock-up model of Parkinson's disease, 6-HDOP poison five μg/kg of mice body weight was injected into the Substantia nigra nucleus in adult NMRI mice. The accuracy of the Parkinson's model in mice was confirmed using catalepsy and apomorphine-induced rotation tests. Immediately after surgery, the Parkinsonian mice were treated with water (solvent Q10) with doses of 25, 50, and 100 Coenzyme Q10 for two weeks and then were subjected to behavioural tests and the neurons of the substantia nigra nucleus was counted. The results indicate that treatment with Q10 significantly reduced the immobility time and Catalepsy, increased motor activity and decreased apomorphine rotation, indicating the protective effects of Coenzyme Q10 against Parkinson's Disease Damage.

In this study, the effect of methanol extract of Tribulus terrestris (MET) in different treatments containing control group (without using plant extract), 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g MET /kg diet on growth performance, body chemical composition and activity of oxidant enzymes of grey mullet Mugil cephalus were investigated in triplicate for 60 days. In each 60 litre 20 water tank, 20 fish with initial average weight of 8.42±0.43g were stored. At the end of the experiment, the results showed that there was no significant difference in growth parameters (FW, BWG, PER, SGR and CF), between all treatments and control group (P>0.05). Increasing of survival rate were observed in 3 and 4 compared with control treatment. The crude protein and moisture of  treatment 4 significantly increased compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The crude fat significantly decreased in 3 and 4 treatments compared to control and treatment 2 (P<0.05).The activity of superoxidedismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) enzymes have been increased more significantly in treatment 4 compared with the control treatment (P<0.05). Also, the value of malondialdehyde (MDA) was lower in all treatments compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). MDA value has been the most lowest in 3 and 4 treatments compared with the control treatment (P<0.05).So, based on the results, in order to reduce lipid oxidation and improve the carcass duality and survival status of fish, it is recommended to use 15 g methanol extract of Tribulus terrestris /kg diet of grey mullet fish.

Diabetes is one of the reasons for delayed wound healing; as the fruit of blueberries, Cornus mas, possesses high content of antioxidants, therefore, this study aims to investigate the extract of this fruit on wound healing in a male rat of Wistar strain affected by diabetes.In this study, 48 male rats of Wistar strain were divided into 4 groups of 12. After affecting these groups to diabetes (except control group), there was created a wound at the back of the rat in all 4 groups; the length of the wounds in the groups were investigated up to 21 days; (1) control group: with no blueberries extract and ocerin treated on their wounds, called as healthy group; (2) Shem Group: they include a group of diabetics rats who were treated by ocerin (twice per day); (3) Experimental Group 1: they included a group of diabetics rats who received no ocerin and extract; (4) Experimental Group 2: they include the diabetics group who treated by the ointment of blueberries extract (twice a day).Results of comparing the mean of wounds length in the investigated groups indicate that the experimental group 2 had significant reduction up to p ≤ 0.01 than Shem and experimental1 groups. By reducing the blood glucose and modifying some biochemical factors, blueberries makes treatment effect on diabetes. According to the results of this study, blueberries ointment may accelerate skin wound healing in the healthy and diabetic samples.

Duck is a bird and often lives in water. Muscovy duck because of high weighting is a good bird for meat production. Small intestine is important in mammals and birds for digestion and absorption. There is no research performed on anatomical and histological study in adult Muscovy duck. In this research, 20 male and female Muscovy duck were selected and small intestine was studied anatomically. In this organ statistical analysis of length and width was calculated by SPSS software with T test. Then histological study was done with hematoxylin and eosin kit. Anatomical and histological results were general similarity to other birds and there were also differences in some results. Notable anatomical feature in Muscovy duck was in duodenum and jejunum.  Duodenum was curved U shape. Jejunum in female Muscovy duck has 6 loops and in male Muscovy has 5 loops. Average length and width of the small intestine in male Muscovy duck is larger than female Muscovy duck. This difference is significant in the length of duodenum. Notable histological feature in Muscovy duck was presence of long and Non-branching villi in jejunum. Epithelium of this villís was simple columnar and from duodenum until ileum their height was decrease. From duodenum until ileum in epithelium goblet cells was Increase.

In this study, the efficacy of garlic extract in comparison with commercial toltrazuril drug on oocyte excretion of Eimeria tenella and improving the side effects of this oocyte on growth and performance indices of broiler chicks were studied. In this regard, 360 broiler chicks were randomly divided into eight groups with three replicates. Groups 1 to 4 received a suspension from E. tenella at the age of 21 days. Groups 1 and 2 received garlic extract at a dose of 500 and 1000 ppm and in group 3, the chickens received toltrazuril, 5 days after the challenge. Group 4 did not receive any treatment. In this study, four control groups were considered for the main groups, which only received the extract and were not challenged. At 7, 9, and 12 days after the challenge, the number of oocyst excretion was counted in these groups. Additionally, feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated and compared weekly. The comparing of oocyte excretion rate in different groups showed that all groups treated had a significant difference with each other. The least amount of oocyte excretion was observed in the group receiving toltrazuril. Analysis of growth indices at the end of growing period shows that although there is no significant difference between weight gain and feed intake among garlic extract recipients with toltrazuril, the lowest food conversion ratio is in the group receiving toltrazuril. Also, there was no significant difference between the two groups receiving garlic extract. Therefore, it can be concluded that garlic extract can reduce oocyte excretion and improve growth indices in chickens infected with Eimeria tenlla and can be effective as a supportive treatment in coccidiosis control.

In general, the testes in the Hynobiidae Family are slender. In urodeles, the testis is organized in lobes of increasing maturity throughout the cephalocaudal axis. The anuran testis is organized in tubules. Spermatogenesis occurs in cysts composed by Sertoli cells enveloping germ cells at synchronous stages. Moreover, in numerous species germ cell progression lasts a year which defines the sexual cycle. Due to the above quoted features, research on factors regulating germ cell progression in amphibians may reach greater insight as compared with mammalian animal models .In the present research for the first time identification and structural description of stage in spermatogenesis in Paradactylodon. In order to fulfill this purpose 16 specimens of Paradactylodon gorganensis were captured and transferred to laboratory. In species is only found in the Shir-Abad Cave and the stream flowing from it, 60 km east of Gorgan (36 57' N, 55 01' E), in the eastern part of the Elburz Mountains, in the  Golestan  Province, northern Iran. After macroscopic analyses and obtainment of the testicular fragments, the material was submitted to the histological routine to inclusion in paraffin and coloration with haematoxylin/eosin. Anatomical studies showed that, in this species testis is slender and milk-white and average length and diameter of active testis were 32.76 mm and 4.77 mm. In microscopic analyses studies showed that ,in this species testis is ampular and spermatogenesis occurs in cysts which develop within seminiferous lobules and  each one of these units clusters cells in the same stage of differentiation and with a synchronism development, common characteristic in the amphibians .In the germ tissue the primary spermatocyte (mean 5.511 ± 0.537 μm) are biggest spermatogenetic cells. With the cellular differentiation and proliferation, succeeded the other cellular types (spermatogonia, spermatocytes II, spermatids I and II, and spermatooza) with a cystic organization, that is, groups of cells associated with Sertoli cells, forming the spermatogenetic cysts or spermatocysts. The spermatogenetic lineage cells were differentiated and identified according to the cellular and cystic morphology.

Different nutrients with effects on male reproductive organs have a significant effect on the prevention and treatment of infertility, one of these elements is selenium. The goal of this study was to evaluate selenium nanoparticles (NSAs) in oogenesis and uterine changes in adult female NMRI mice.In this study, 30 adult female NMRI mice were selected and randomly divided into five groups: controls, Sham and 3 experimental groups. Control group did not receive any material, the sham group received solvent and the experimental groups received nano selenium in 3 doses of 0.2 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, 0.4 mg/kg for 30 days. The weight of the animals in the experimental groups at the high dose was significantly reduced. The weight and diameter of the ovary declined so that the results were not significant. The number of primordial follicles, primary and secondary follicles, and atretic follicle have decreased. The number of Graafian follicles decreased at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg of nano selenium and also corpus luteum in a dose of 0.3 mg/kg of nano selenium decreased. The diameter of the secondary follicle was increased, but not significant. The diameter of the Graafian follicle did not change. The number of blood vessels in the ovaries was increased, but the diameter of them did not change significantly. In experimental groups, the diameter of the uterine cavity was significantly reduced. The thickness of the perimetrium of uterine layer was reduced. The number of uterine glands endometrium decreased in the third experimental group, but their diameter did not significantly change in any of the groups. Nano-selenium caused an increase in the number of primordial, primary and secondary follicles due to its antioxidant effect, and the uterine layer of the endometrium increased and perimetrium and myometrium decreased.

MTBE increases oxygen consumption as well as reducing carbon monoxide and air pollution. It is very dynamic in soil, and its movement in water is a function of water movement in soil. MTBE is resistant to biodegradation, its half-life in water is long, its absorption in soil particles is weak, having high solubility in water, and being very dynamic. This research was aimed at investigating DNA blood cells of Rutilus caspicus in concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg/L MTBE for 7, 14 and 21 days. The mean temperature of water was 19 ± 1°C, water oxygen was 7.6 ± 0.2 mg/l, and salinity was considered zero. 220 R. caspicus with an average body length of 150 ± 30 mm and a weight of 15 ± 3 grams were prepared from Sijawal multiplication workshop located at the Turkmen port in Golestan Province and transferred to the laboratory by means of bags containing water (1/3) and oxygen (2/3). After the adaptation period, 13 fish were placed in 50-liter aquariums. The total number of control aquariums was three, and the number of treatment aquariums was nine. In the first, second and third weeks of the test, three fish were randomly taken from each aquarium and their blood samples were collected. After performing the determined stages, the blood samples of the fish were fixed on the slide and kept in the refrigerator for observation with a fluorescence microscope. In this study, Casp 1.2.3b1 software was used to evaluate the DNA degradation. In this software, several examples of alkaline comet data are extracted in data form. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the control and other treatments in terms of DNA degradation. Furthermore, with increasing exposure time, the amount of DNA damage significantly increased (p < 0.01).