فصلنامه سیاستهای مالی و اقتصادی
سال چهارم شماره 14 (تابستان 1395)

For analyzing of the employment process and its structure for the country and different regions, and also for balanced planning and creating employment in all the regions, knowing the exact the talents and potential of the regions are necessary. The employment has always been the main concern of the economic policymakers, and the human force has a significant position on economic issues. This study wants to determine the situation of the main sector's employments in the different provinces of Iran during 2006 to 2014. So, the shift-share model is used to recognize the relative advantage, economic loser or winner in the different economic sectors. The local coefficient index is used to determine the basic and non-basic parts of each province. The results indicate that the power distribution in all provinces has been tended to the employment of the service sector, and all of the future planning in providences are toward to this direction. The service section in all providence except east Azerbaijan, Tehran, Khuzestan, Sistan and Balouchsetan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Kohkiluie and Bouierahmad, Gilan, Lorestan, and Yazd have a potential in job creation and are considered as a driving force for economic development in providences. Considering the basic activities, it is shown that the service section in Bushehr, Tehran, Khuzestan, Semnan, Fars, Qum, Kermanshah, and Hormozgan is the basic sector and has moved toward competitive advantages of the providence. The local coefficients of another providences in the service sector indicate that this sector is not self-sufficiency and needs more labor forces.Keywords: provinces of Iran, employment, shift- share, relative advantage.

Non-interest income affected the profitability and risk of the banks into the banking system. Most of the Iranian banks expanded the Noninterest income with the economic condition change in the country. Non-interest income has positive effects on banks’ profitability and negative effects on banks’ risk. Moreover, Quantity of these effects depends on the size and type of banking business models. Furthermore, Non-interest income effects on banks are influenced by the type of bank's activities and their risk strategies. The banks for profit making behave differently to changes in interest income. Maybe, some banks tend to lend to the private sector or housing sector. This strategy can reduce the risk of lending for banks.In this paper, we investigate the Non-interest income effect on the bank's profitability. For this purpose, Panel data method is used to examine this relationship with 25 bank data during the 2006-2013. The results show that non-interest income has a positive effect on banks’ profitability and negative effects on banks’ risk. While Interest income is less stable than Noninterest income. The banking system often allocated the resources to interest income and share of non-interest income is lower.

Privatization is one of the components of the structural reform program, which aims to achieve higher firm’s performance at the micro level and also achieve higher economic growth, at the macro level. In privatization, the percentage of ownership which transfers from state-owned enterprises to the private sector has always been controversial issues. In this study, first, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to evaluate the performance of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange, before and after privatization. Then, the impacts of the percentage of government ownership, on the efficiency of constant and variable returns to scale are evaluated in transferred companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange. The sample consists of 29 transferred companies during the period of 1999-2012. The results show the parameters of state property have a significant negative impact on the performance of companies with constant returns to scale, but in variable returns to scale, the percentage of government ownership does not have any significant effect on the firm's performance.

The Net Spread generally considered as a sign of efficiency in resource management of banks and has a crucial role in liquidity and credit risks in any Banking system around the world. This important indicator is equal to the difference in borrowing and lending rates. The main objective of this study is to analyze the effective factors on Net Spread of the state-owned banks (Melli-Sepah-Keshavarzi-Tosee Saderat- Maskan) and private banks (Saman -Eghtesad_ Novin-Parsiyan-Pasargad-Karafarin-Mellat- Tejarat-Refah-Saderat) in Iran. To measure the effects of different variables on Net Spread, independent variables were divided into two groups: macroeconomic variables such as (index of liquidity of the stock market, the total amount of transactions in the stock market and the amount of demand deposits) and the indicators related to the regulation of the banks’ supervision (such as the index of bank ownership, credit risk, liquidity risk and the marginal efficiency of capital) , then with applying the panel data method and annual data, these factor effects on the dependent variable were examined during the period of 1384 – 1392. The results of the estimated model show that among all the variables, the total amount of transactions in the stock market has the maximum, and the demand deposits have the minimum effects on Net Spread, and the index of liquidity of the stock market doesn’t have any significant effect on the dependent variable. Among the variables related to the banks’ supervision, liquidity risk, and credit risk respectively have the most and the least effect on the Net Spread, and the banks’ ownership doesn’t have any significant effect on the Net Spread. Results show that Net Spread does not differ significantly in the Private Banks and State –owned banks.The Net Spread generally considered as a sign of efficiency in resource management of banks and has a crucial role in liquidity and credit risks in any Banking system around the world. This important indicator is equal to the difference in borrowing and lending rates. The main objective of this study is to analyze the effective factors on Net Spread of the state-owned banks (Melli-Sepah-Keshavarzi-Tosee Saderat- Maskan) and private banks (Saman -Eghtesad_ Novin-Parsiyan-Pasargad-Karafarin-Mellat- Tejarat-Refah-Saderat) in Iran. To measure the effects of different variables on Net Spread, independent variables were divided into two groups: macroeconomic variables such as (index of liquidity of the stock market, the total amount of transactions in the stock market and the amount of demand deposits) and the indicators related to the regulation of the banks’ supervision (such as the index of bank ownership, credit risk, liquidity risk and the marginal efficiency of capital) , then with applying the panel data method and annual data, these factor effects on the dependent variable were examined during the period of 1384 – 1392. The results of the estimated model show that among all the variables, the total amount of transactions in the stock market has the maximum, and the demand deposits have the minimum effects on Net Spread, and the index of liquidity of the stock market doesn’t have any significant effect on the dependent variable. Among the variables related to the banks’ supervision, liquidity risk, and credit risk respectively have the most and the least effect on the Net Spread, and the banks’ ownership doesn’t have any significant effect on the Net Spread. Results show that Net Spread does not differ significantly in the Private Banks and State –owned banks.

The World Bank's policy to improve growth and welfare in developing countries has been changed from downsizing to the empowerment of governments and Good Governance. According to good governance principles, achieving economic competitiveness and transparency goes through Good Corporate Governance. Based on the Organization for Economic Cooperation Development (OECD) guidelines for the corporate governance of the State-Owned Enterprises, the coding system for content analysis of Iran's privatization policies is developed especially for the analysis of "Article 44 of the Iranian Constitution Policies Implementation" Act as the most important legal framework of economic activity of public sector entities in Iran. The research method is Qualitative Content Analysis. Findings offer strategies for improvement of Iran's laws and regulations regarding public sector's corporate governance based on the good governance approach and to realize "competitiveness" and "transparency" of Iran's economy of resistance.

Financial corruption is a complicated, multi-dimensional phenomenon with multiple causes and factors, and it takes various forms and roles in different situations. The realm of financial corruption includes a wide spectrum from an individual act of bribery to an extensive criminal act encompassing all pillars of the political and economical system. Financial corruption is sometimes considered as a structural issue within politics and economics, and sometimes as a cultural and moral problem. In this regard, the main aim of this paper is to analyze the theoretic connection and the effect of control of corruption on budget deficit in selected countries.. The results from estimating the model by the Fixed Effects Method and the Generalized Method of Moments in selected countries in the period 2002-2013 show that control of corruption has a positive and meaningful effect on budget deficit in selected countries.

Today, productivity is considered as a culture and prospect in all areas of human's work and life and is the source of progress and economic development. With regards to the progressing trend of globalization and the increase in membership of the countries in the WTO, the research investigates the effect of globalization and trade liberalization on productivity growth on two groups: 12 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and 15 countries of the Europe :union:'s members (EU). Panel Data Method with Random effects is used study this relationship during the period of 2000-2013. The results show that globalization and trade liberalization have positive effects on improvement of productivity growth in both groups, but the coefficients for the Europe :union:'s members are greater than the MENA countries. In other words, increasing the degree of trade liberalization and globalization has had more effect on improvement of the productivity in Europe :union: countries than members of MENA.