مجله پژوهشهای منظر شهر
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1393)

When the human habitat can provide more utility to a man who meets his expectations. The expectations are defined in all aspects of environmental، social، physical، economic situation and so on in residential place. If any of these desirable qualities are lacking in a person''s life، will affect the perception and feeling of space and the level of satisfaction. City’s landscape shows the quality of urban space to citizen، reveals the whole city''s landscape as a «text»، and has ability to «read» and «reading» the text provides. Picture of urban landscape plays an important role in creating a sense of security، increased experience، a sense of being in place and there. Nowadays more than half of the world''s populations live in urban areas. This figure is about 60 percent by 2020. Hence، the phenomenon of urbanization has become inevitable today. Therefore، we should consider that civil society encompasses a wide range of cultural، social، and occupational groups. Use patterns and natural green spaces can play a significant role in improving the quality and readability perspective of the urban environment due to the high volume of urban construction. These issues have a direct impact on citizens'' perceptions and cause actual potential to become a truly urban environment. Nowadays most important public spaces in cities are small spaces that have important effect on city''s landscape. These spaces are not used for various reasons، such as the very small dimensions، location، and ownership. There is no possibility of using them for medium and large-scale land use. However، due to the fact that these spaces are usually without charge، become good places for many social crimes. In addition، the Visual and environmental problems arising from these areas have urged managers and urban planners to plan for organizing these spaces. In this way، the pocket park approach، as one of the most effective methods to improve the quality of lost spaces، has been developed. However، in developing pocket park، attention to the demands of all the people is very difficult and complex. In this research، we emphasize all the aspects of reconstruction and development of green spaces approach by using a pocket park. Background studies on the development and use of the pocket parks in the city as green spaces show that these spaces increase the equitable distribution of public green spaces to urban environments and help to mark the urban spaces for readability. From this perspective، the present study first، investigated the recognition of the city، particularly in the historical context of the city، pocket park on the development of urban green spaces. Then، using the elements of effective standards promotes quality development in historical perspective and use spaces to take advantage of the pocket parks to improve the quality of landscape. The present study seeks to identify the missing spaces in different parts of the city of Qazvin and then use the criteria of effective components in these spaces into pocket parks to Feasibility and prioritizing the use of this space. To achieve this important issue، it uses the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)، because with this method we can compare binary criteria، sub criteria and options. Then to prioritize the case study، a questionnaire was designed according to the range of five-point Likert scale (1 < X < 5) to assess the quality of the urban environment. 286 Questionnaires based on the formula of Cochran are distributed among citizens residing in Qazvin’s residential areas. The study results indicate that if the space has more diversity and permeability; it will have more possibility to create pocket parks and the spaces will be closer to nature and green spaces in the city''s landscape. Considering this، it will take steps towards improving the quality of urban environment.

One of the key social and cultural phenomena of the twentieth century has been expanding urbanization phenomenon. There is a rapid development in the third world. Rate of urbanization in developing countries is more than developed countries. Due to the quality of urban life and social indicators، cultural and psychological environment in an objective way (Quantitative) and subjective (mental) Quality of life in the urban planning process. Quality of the urban environment is necessary to attempt to determine the status of efforts to improve the environmental quality. Quality suitable environment for the development of new patterns that shaped plan and the previous plan، identify and applied. The importance of residential environments، particularly in urban areas increases with the growth of population. Measuring the quality of the urban environment is complex and influenced by numerous factors. This study aims to assess the environmental quality of the Maskane Mehr in Omidie township. A questionnaire survey was developed to be effective for citizens and experts on environmental quality standards in urban (environmental، social، cultural، economic، physical، and managerial) examined. This research applied methods to improve the environmental quality of Maskane Mehr in Omidie township. The answer to this question is that priority criteria and indicators of environmental quality in Maskane Mehr emphasizing the image of citizens on the one hand and Look municipal officials and other experts. In this regard، using cross–sectional method، SPSS software، and One-way and Duncan in Category (HSD) attempt to evaluate and rank these components. Results suggest that citizens’ low priority is quality of life in Maskane Mehr in Omidie township. This reason is the lack of attention to cultural and social environment as well as low levels of economic and physical criteria considered for residents. While experts’ approach in Maskane Mehr relates to economic criteria، it experiences a turmoil. Studies have shown that in creating designs in Maskane Mehr in Omidie township، residents have been ignored. This has resulted in settling a particular group of people in a limited space that strictly complies with the objectives of a housing theories. Therefore، it is recommended to improve conditions that enhance the quality of life of residents. to implement the urban typology، the current study dealt with the social structure of society.

Increasingly، cities expand their boundaries in many directions. This growth is directly proportional to the large migration to the cities by new population in line with natural daily needs. Our cities hitherto are not able to accommodate the needs of visually impaired population. In fact، basic needs of visually impaired people are not provided due to the lack of resources in the cities. Our cities are centers of crowded overpopulation and within this overpopulation visually impaired are constantly struggling with various difficulties. Life of a visually impaired person، who must deal with daily struggles of city life and its pains، is filled with the inevitable abyss of darkness and loneliness. At the same time، achieving zenith of a society depends on nurturing and cultivating the innate abilities of the members of that society. One of the foolproof methods of achieving this goal is the development of conditions that will bring all people together regardless of ability on an equal footing in order to be able to express them. Therefore in this research، using the analysis method we first analyzed the difficulties of the visually impaired in the recreation areas within a city، using existing reference materials، one on one interviews، and questionnaires. Finally، appropriate patterns for urban parks adapted to the needs of the blind were presented with the emphasis on results obtained from the analysis of questionnaires. These models allow the blind to promenade independently in urban parks. The results indicated that avoid simple and monotonous designing، lack of using smooth and slippery materials on the floor to stimulate the sense of touch in the blind، using shady trees and scented plants to stimulate the sense of smell in the blind، creating exciting spaces near the entrances to stimulate hearing are effective on the blind’s presence in urban parks.

The vernacular architecture of Guilan Province، Iran، is formed based on maximum correspondence with local climate and facilities. Rural landscape in this province includes structural models that have been long shaped mainly due to the climate، culture، and functional requirements of rural communities. Its residents have a special relationship with nature، which is evident in their architecture، culture، custom، and landscape. Guilan landscape is actually the mental creation of its people. Their mind has its particular aesthetic standards in addition to its own specific climate as well as historical and cultural records. Lack of adequate knowledge on vernacular architecture and its consequent valuable landscape may cause landscape deterioration along with dissociation of memories. Other than weakening identity، it may lead to unfortunate outcomes as sense of belonging and responsibility for the environment is ruined. Having access to the valuable models of this landscape requires the recognition and review of its powerful samples. However، the landscape has not been analyzed and its aesthetic models have not been discovered either. Landscapes of old villages are outstanding examples in which we can find a quite tangible union، because their original nuclei have been formed through complete consideration of the surrounding natural base. Besides natural landscapes of the village، anatomical factors، such as topography، as well as non-anatomical ones including odor، light، and sound are considered. If we extract the morphology of rural landscape and understand its formation process and constructive elements، we can use it for promoting the cultural context and making decision on the factors influencing urban landscape. This research involves both library and field studies. In library studies، by consulting the available scientific sources، desirable indices for evaluating the research scope were extracted. Moreover، through historical review of rural landscapes in Guilan and research backgrounds in this connection، we have studied its culture and custom as well as its people’s treatment model towards nature in the formation of vernacular landscape. Then، by means of objective observations، objective landscape of Paschapar Village، classification of observations، and their adaptation to the extracted indices، anatomical models along with proper applications for each one were classified in applicable tables as research results. Findings indicate that the objective landscape of the studied village in Guilan، with respect to aesthetics، originates from its people’s mentality and attitude towards nature. In this attitude، combination of the residential area and internal changes in its elements has a strong relationship with nature، following its gradual development patterns. Objective landscape of the village illustrates the domination of the surrounding natural base over its produced anatomical elements. The design observed in this village follows a general principle، that is، existence of a high visual relationship between its different spaces. Nearly all landscapes of the village، enjoying various anatomical elements and spatial sense on their own، have also two main elements of natural foreground and background. These landscapes، in spite of their definite thoughtful design principles، may appear intact. Observers، during their presence and movements into its space، find themselves amongst the village and nature together.

The rapid growth of urbanization in recent decades and the dimensions of quality of life، adverse effects on individual health and social and civic life left. Measuring the quality of life in urban areas due to external factors such as production technology، infrastructure، social relations، social institutions (internal factors)، and as they affect the environment. Generally، quality of life، in addition to economic، social and environmental concerns is also addressed. Nevertheless، scholars planning، especially urban planners believe that planning should be in line with the improved quality of life. On the other hand، can improve the quality of life in other areas such as the development of social، economic، physical، and associated services. Such as improving the quality of life in any society، one of the most important public policy goals of the community. Over the past three decades، quality of life، as a substitute for material prosperity، the country has become the main social objective. The purpose of this paper is to examine the components of quality of life in urban areas is Lamerd variables such as transportation and road network (air quality، a sense of safety، etc.)، quality utilities (lights، lighting، benches، rest)، environmental quality and social (education and health)، economic quality (cost of rent، income، living expenses، savings) and environmental quality (pollution perspective، per capita green space، city beautification) was used. Methods the study was descriptive and analytical approach based on the literature review and data collection (documents)، field observations and questionnaires with a sample size of 200 households randomly set And then to analyze the variables studied، using SPSS and statistical methods such as mean response، T-parametric test for independent variables was used. The results reflect the fact that the level of satisfaction with the overall quality of urban life also، all nine indices between low and intermediate results suggest that in Lamerd، economic component of environmental quality، environmental quality، functional، quality and quality of public transportation in the state are lower than average. The correlation coefficient showed that there is a correlation between quality of life measures and the improvement of housing conditions and access to services can help to improve the quality of life in Lamerd.

As an integral part of his life، human has been long closely related to rituals. In Post-Islam Shi’ite Iran، Muharram proves to be the most significant and effective ritual. The skeleton of the Iranian traditional cities is formulated from this religion-based attitude. These cities follow some definite principles; therefore، they are called Islamic cities. Although many other effective factors have played a role in the formation of an Islamic city، the views put forward by its residents appear the most significant. Muharram is، in fact، a collective ritual that is repeated every year. This ritual has influenced the anatomy and appearance of cities both permanently (e. g.، establishing Hosseiniyehs and Tekiyehs for holding religious ceremonies)، and temporarily (like using banners and pitching tents during the performance). All these elements may impress any observer so that the ritual can be revived in his mind with every repetition. They have changed into identifying memorial elements in years، which have developed a ritual landscape for the city. There have been many changes in the historical textures of various cities in the Modern era due to different attitudes and methods. However، are these changes based on the initial principle of developing the textures، that is، the same ritual? or do they originate from another factor? To find the answer، a town called Aran-and-Bidgol in the Iranian province of Isfahan was selected as the case study. It is located close to the Maranjab Desert near Kashan. This town is not along the passage route and has already maintained many of its cultural signs originating from its urban identity. One of these cultural signs is the religious rituals based on which the landscape of our Islamic cities has been formed. Religious rituals، Muharram in particular، have greatly influenced the culture of its residents، and increased the local capitals of its historically worn texture compared with the similar cases. To recognize the effects of rituals on the anatomy of modern localities in Aran- and-Bidgol، we should first know about the culture of the people with this ritual. Therefore، we observed the town in person to acquire socio-environmental knowledge. Given our presence among the people of this town during Muharram or otherwise، we attempted to understand much better this ritual، its manner of performance، and knowing about the social texture. This research applies a qualitative method. Hence، some old local centers of the town were analyzed as the main poles of ritual influence on its anatomy within two historical periods (i. e.، contemporary and 1956)، and its changes during the modern era were identified. In addition، social characteristics of its population and their manner of performing Muharram ritual were analyzed. The way for reviving the town’s historical worn texture by its urban managers and their interaction with the people were also studied. The results indicate that Muharram ritual is still the most powerful factor influencing the historical texture developments of this town during the Modern period.

Sustainability paradigm is considered the most common and most commonly used paradigm in the present century. This concept relates to all matters of daily life – the fact، which of course is proven by the introduction of its three dimensions in relation to the society، the economy، and the environment. Many experts believe that the formation of this paradigm is relevant to the development of disturbed environmental conditions due to abnormal development، especially in economic areas. One area to which a great attention has been paid after the development of this paradigm and was known as sustainable urban development was related to cases of urban development، particularly in major cities and following the increase in population of cities. This paradigm sees the city as an ecosystem and tries to provide solutions by which cities become better habitats with higher quality of life for all generations. In these cities، which can be called environmentally friendly cities، humans as well as other creatures will have their own settlements، and there will be minimal energy consumption and waste production and pollution as well. In addition، different indicators have been introduced for the sustainable city، which have been proposed by each expert according to their local conditions and geographical location. This paper is intended to prove the hypothesis that the evolution of environmental movements has led to the formation of sustainable urban development paradigm. To this end، valid internal and external sources have been explored and discussed; and to demonstrate the hypothesis، a closer and more sophisticated look was taken at Brundtland’s development paradigm - as one of the most famous definitions of sustainable development. Finally، a chart was developed، which showed the changing paradigm of the sustainable urban development.