مجله پژوهشهای منظر شهر
پیاپی 3 (بهار و تابستان 1394)

Study of the roles and functions of botanic gardens since their advent up to now، represents that botanic gardens have had their functional flexibility according the needs in their temporal and spatial context. So it can be used، the botanic garden''s capabilities to answer the needs and challenges such as reduction of green and recreational spaces in cities and loss of biodiversity that have established because of growth in urbanization in the world، and affected local and regional environment qualities directly. Hence the purpose of this paper is redefining the roles and functions of botanic gardens for conservation and education in contemporary cities. To gain this، at first، the process of functional evolution of botanic gardens will be described، by botanic garden''s literature review، and by using descriptive and analytical method، and then the relation between function of botanic gardens and socio-economic and cultural factors -that have create them during the four eras-، will be analyzed. After that، new roles of botanic gardens will be redefined according to model of human-environmental interaction in the landscape -presented by Gobster and associates (2007) - and according to the last agenda، presented for plants conservation. Paper results represents that to achieve integrated conservation، the conservation and education roles of botanic gardens should not be separated. Also with respect to public perception of botanic gardens as places for recreation، relaxation، enjoying natural beauties، spending time with family and by considering botanical gardens as urban spaces، we can use recreational activities of botanic gardens to answer conservational and educational goals and to establish integrated conservation. At the end planning and design strategies that demonstrates botanic garden''s aims in conservation، education and recreation، will be proposed.

Tourist has an important role in economic developing of cities. Today،tourism has found a great important in global and international scene as an industry that makes emolpyment and income. In other words،the tourism industry expansion concludes economic developing and in follow of that،human interactions،and every countries try to use tourism economic advantages with providing welfare and recreational facilities in its cities. It not only plays a role in promoting the national economy and foreign exchange earnings and free Clean Various industrial but yet creates new jobs. The natural tourism، an important part of tourism activities in the world dedicated. In this type of activity for tourists enjoying the natural beauty and stunning visual effects creation by high mountains، mountains، foothills، forests، plains، canyons and desert travel. What is a tourist attraction to the city or the surrounding areas، the tourism resources. The present review surveyed on abiding tourism in Sarab of Ravansar that has not a codifying plan to develop the tourism. The goal in this research is surveying and recognition on environmental capabilities and planning on natural appeal،safeguarding and reinforcement of natural perspective of the city،and consideration on aesthetic aspects of natural environment، decreasing tourism biological effects،fulfilling visitors recreational necessities with regard to the culture of the area and designing according to coordination to the nature and has codified continual to attract the tourist in Sarab of Ravansar. To make constant designing to explositation from protection and tourism،cognition and evaluation of the enviroment and resources situation،also the way of tourism and cognition of biological aftermants that results from the tourism،seem necessary before any action. Research method is Descripitive_Analytic and data and information of research and information analysis have collected by library and documentary method and by using compass observations. Results which has come by the research is showing that abliding tourism appeal have not identified correctly and also specific planning in Sarab of Ravansar has not accomplished while with identification of potential capabilities and plan to being practical and exploitation can cause improvement an economic prosperity in the area.

Today، crime and the insecure feeling about it at the urban districts is a major concern of the people that is very influential in increasing the social pathologies. The security is one of the qualitative indicators of urban life. The social pathologies are the most significant consequences caused by insecurity. Since the today’s urban spaces is a factor for occurrence of urban anomalies and hence insecurity in the cities، it is necessary to study the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the security، both physically and socially، within each of urban spaces. The basic importance of safe and safety must be examined in each of spaces and physical elements، in particular in the spaces with unsuitable design and application. In fact، the symbols، signs، modular، sounds، lights and performance are the most significant features environmentally influencing on human. These are material and apparent faces the effects caused by them should be examined in such categories as identity، recognition، attachment to a place، safe feeling، inferiority sense، remembrance of the spiritual and meanings. This study aims to examine the function of urban landscape factors in promotion of safe feeling in the public spaces. The factors of “sense of place”، “place identity”، “memory”، ” readability and clear image of the environment” “public perception” and visual pleasure”، “form and morphology “will be obtained، as indicators of urban landscape، to measure security of the people in the public spaces. In this research، the methods were divided into two sections: first، theoretical basics including library study and field study using survey and questionnaires. To analysis the relationship between “safe feeling” and” urban landscape”، the causal and correlation methods were used. The results showed that while the security is established، the safe feeling of the inhabitants within study area is lower than the evaluated average. Given the six measures of identity of place، memorable، form and structure، sense of place، justification and public visual and perception، the mean of safe feeling in the two measures، that is، identity of place (1- respect for human needs2- unwilling to replacement 3- degree of interest 4- flexibility 5- visual adaptation) and memorable (1- sense of attachment 2- familiarity 3- experience in the environment) are higher than the theoretical median and the others are lower than theoretical median. In spite of establishment of security and safe feeling in the Golestan district of Ahvaz from inhabitants’ viewpoint، the security was evaluated lower than average by them. Therefore، they have rated the “identity of place” and readability is very effective in establishing the safe feeling. Participation of people in maintenance of space، protecting the historical places، creating a familiar environment، using water، tree، light and furniture are the recommendations posed by people for prompting the safe feeling.

Looking at the Iranian urban design، we encounter a concept that is called the urban development، in which in some cities is comparable to Bagh-Shahr in modern meaning. Bagh-shahr is a professional word in urban design of Iran that means a designed city covered with green areas. The development of Tabas and Isfahan could belong to this category. Nowadays، not getting idea from available values in the past architecture and urban designing of Iran has caused some problems; while by considering in the traditional architecture and urban designing of Iran، such ideas can clearly be seen at different ages. This research pursued to answer this question، of whether the developments of Tabas Bagh-Shahr in the Zandieh Era and Isfahan Bagh-Shahr in the Safavid Era have followed a common pattern. To achieve this purpose، using written and illustrative resources and also descriptive-analysis method، it has proceeded to comparative analogy of the two Bagh-Shahrs. Findings of this research have shown the most important similarities of Tabas and Isfahan Bagh-shahrs. These similarities are the pattern of city development، the initial and final points of the development axis، the adjacent functions of the development axis، the general pattern of the final gardens’ plans of the development axis، and also the general pattern of the water flow into the city. Regarding these similarities، as well as time delay in forming of Tabas Bagh-Shahr than Isfahan Bagh-shahr، it seems that the pattern of Tabas development in the Zandieh era had been inspired by Isfahan Bagh-shahr in the safavid era.

«Entrance'' any place first and foremost communication loop with of space. Each entrance can be of two» objective and subjective scape«to define people and always the objective component (wall، flooring، etc.) that surpassed the other components and in terms of people reviews، and can make them feel superior to define space. entrance from the landscape of the world، so that one goes in urban space»accept invitation «capable people and capabilities when it is a person with a passion for the it comes and the sense of going from a world to another world he created. And interact with the space. In fact، creating and upgrading entrance invite gay sense of urban spaces cause the continuity and sustainability of the presence of people in the place and create the right relationship and the expected interactions with urban space. and people in urban spaces to create» a sense of place and a sense of belonging«to the space. So it can be used as a qualitative and quantitative changes that create in the objective component of the subjective component in improving and strengthening the sense of invitation a effective entrance. In this study، the historical central market range in Qazvin city''s historical context is selected، including urban spaces that require the presence of an effective and more people and with a slightly improved market and mosque entrance spaces in this range can be used to sense of invitation upgrade feature to attract people. The main objective of this research was to sense of invitation upgrades in the range of jlokhan al-Nabi mosque، Qazvin has been jlokhan to the market، and the main hypothesis of this research is to upgrade the quality and quantity of objective landscape component entrance jlokhan sense of invitation upgrade causes. In this research field research by the visual omtalaat jlokhan to the market & mosque jlokhan، was evaluated at the end of this we have achieved a result which can be improved with some objective components such as: floor and wall، cleanliness، variety of form and green space and strengthen some mental component like: Interests، and the memory of a… Effective in promoting a sense of invitation them in to the design of the jlokhan al-Nabi mosque، Qazvin market jlokhan up as a religious and commercial user indicators of burnout they prevent the full and upgrade the sense of invitation spaces invite entry was effective.

The first step in urban environment quality management in urban areas is evaluating the urban environment quality. Systematic study about the quality of the environment (residence) is almost new and it`s belong to the second half of the twentieth century. Quality of urban environment is affected by many factors. The most important types that can noted is pollution (air، water، urban sewage، garbage، etc.)، urban environment، and how communication access، welfare facilities and services، no social security، the lower segments of society، culture and identity and so an. Although study the physical dimensions can demonstrate the environment of city but residents felt is an undeniable dimension of quality in environmental studies as a basis for citizens analysis. In this article two aspects of environmental quality in form of objective (physical) and subjective index has been studied in Moftabad neighborhood district 13 of Tehran. In this study used two exploration and field survey methods. The study consists of two stages. The first approach is exploratory method. The first phase of research، including analysis of scientific sources to identify the main parameters of the environment quality. In the second phase used first stage results for the analysis of the case study. Although the results of exploratory studies from reputable sources but they need to verify base on one case study. Here we used Moftabad neighborhood as a case study. In field survey method used two methods in order to collect data and information. First methods are observation and space analysis based on expert approach. The second method is used questionnaire. According to research findings based on six indicators studied (landscape، access، facilities and security، building density and quality) environmental quality of Moftabadneighborhood is very low. Conditions and mental aspects of environmental quality surveys also indicate a lack of satisfaction among the residents. In fact the interaction between objectivity and subjectivity of citizens residing in the external environment has provided imagination that there is not environment peace and tranquility. The conclusion is that the physical environment has a dominant role in the satisfaction of residents. However، the relative desire of human need always make for him lack sense but the low standards in an subarea as an urban environment compared to other areas of the city that have minimum standards provided comparable conditions and formed a sense of dissatisfaction.

The Central Business District (CBD) city due role in practice and texture features in city land use and development activities in the social، economic and administrative city have been effective. This study aims to apply analytical approaches and techniques and to study the SWOT، Causes and consequences of inappropriate land uses in the Central Business District concentration and growth Khorramabad to express Solution chain and cluster development and business activities، including the formation of a healthy and sustainable development has been The findings suggest that the Central Business District of the city of Khorramabad As the core of the city and area with a variety of issues in the economic، administrative - Service، social، transport and facing physical space is There are numerous applications and disproportionate، high population density، narrow roadway and pedestrian crossing at 17 Shahrivar Street caused this problem in recent years is growing، The findings also suggest that the central part of the SWAT model 8 strengths and opportunities as the main advantage and Weakness of 10 major threat to the limitations and problems facing the center of the city of Khorramabad. Matrices in the context of internal and external evaluation indicate that the functional strategy of the central part of the city، the type of defensive strategies (WT) is. So out of the current difficulties and promote the organization of the Central Business District of the city of Khorramabad in three consecutive sessions at short، medium and long term should be done.