مجله سلامت جامعه
سال نهم شماره 1 (بهار 1394)

Nowadays, more than ever, we are witnessing an increase in the level of education and employment of women, and as mothers play an important role in primary education and character formation of their children, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of mothers’ education level and employment on self-efficacy in the sixth grade students in Tehran. Four hundred and forty (220 girls and 220 boys) sixth graders from southern Tehran were chosen through cluster random method to participate in this study. Data was collected by Scherer and colleagues efficacy questionnaire (1982) and analyzed by using two-way variance analysis. The mothers’ education level do affect the children’s self-efficiency, and there was a meaningful difference in self-efficacy of students with their mothers having different educational levels (P<0/05). However, self-efficacy is not highly affected by mothers being housewife or employed. The ineffectiveness of employment or unemployment of mothers is not the only determining factor in self – efficiency, and its effect may also depend on the family’s economic situation and income, the type of job, working time, the difficulty of the job, her interest and inclination to the job, position, and job level. It is worth mentioning that in order to increase the awareness of parents of effective educational methods in self-efficiency, we should put much effort.

There are several reasons for choosing caesarean section among them the fear of vaginal delivery. In this study, attitudes towards fear of vaginal delivery and its relation to the awareness level of pregnant women was investigated. In this cross-sectional study, 271 pregnant women referring to the social Security Hospital of Zahedan were studied. During 4 months in 2014 the women completed a researcher-made questionnaire, consisting of 4 parts: demographic information, history of pregnancy, questions about subjects’ level of awareness, and attitudes about fear of vaginal delivery. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was determined by test-retest. To analyze the obtained data, Chi-square, Spearman, and ANOVA was used through applying SPSS V: 17 software. The level of awareness about cesarean section was in 64 cases (23/6%) good, 81 (29/9%) average and 126 (46/5%) poor. On the other hand, the women's perceptions about the fear of vaginal delivery in 19 patients (7%) Neutral, 277 (80/1%) and 35% (12/9%) were positive. According to statistical analysis there was a significant positive relationship between the level of awareness to Caesarean section and attitude towards fear (P=0/000)(r=0/193). Fear of labor pain in 76 (28%) was considered to be the most important reason and fear of the personnel’s inappropriate behavior in 60 women (24/02%) was the least important reason. Additionally, age, level of education, history of pregnancy, and consultation before pregnancy were significantly correlated with fear (p<0.05). Based on the significant relationship between the levels of awareness about Caesarean section and attitudes towards fear of vaginal delivery, with appropriate education the awareness level of pregnant women, about methods of pregnancy termination could be increased. Also, with implementing the right attitudes towards vaginal delivery through painless methods we could promote the vaginal delivery.

Driving is one of the most important jobs in the community and attention to the health of the drivers is essential. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the Health-Related quality of life and its influencing factors on the intercity drivers employed in the West Terminal of Tehran. In this cross-sectional study, 422 employed drivers of the west terminal were randomly selected for participation in the study. World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire)WHOQOL-BREF) was used for data collection. SPSS20 statistical software, independent t test and ANOVA were used for data analysis. The response rate was 98.6 per cent. Based on the results of the independent t test a statistically significant association was not observed between the disease condition and the four dimensions of quality of life (physical health, psychological health, social relationships and environment health) (P>0.05). A statistically significant association between the housing status with all the quality of life dimensions other than the social relations was observed (P<0.05). Based on the ANOVA test there was a statistically significant association between education and work experience with the social relationships domain (P<0.05). The study results indicated that the quality of life of the drivers in the social relations domain is more vulnerable than the other domains. In addition, the level of their education, work experience and housing status could be effective factors on the quality of life, so planning and implementation of systematic interventions is essential to improve the quality of life of the drivers.

OCT4 is one of the major genes for controlling cell renewal and is the core of the proteins that is known as stemness state.OCT4 encodes several variants, the most famous is OCT4B1.This variant has expressed in cancer cell lines and cancer tissues and has anti-apoptotic potency. Apoptosis has an important role in the pathogenesis of various diseases including cancer and autoimmune disorders. Apoptosis is regulated by different gene families; TRAF (TNF receptor-associated factor) is one of these families which consist of three genes (TRAF1, TRAF2 and TRAF3).There is little Information about the effect of OCT4B1 on gene expression of TRAF family; so, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of OCT4B1suppression on expression of TRAF family. cancer cell lines AGS (gastric adenocarcinoma), 5637 (bladder cancer) and U87MG (brain tumor) were cultured in the test and control groups with the same conditions and were transected after reaching the desired cell density, using specific siRNA OCT4B1 (test group) and scramble siRNA (control). Cellular RNA was extracted and cDNA were synthesized 48 hours after transfection. Gene expressions of interest (TRAF family) were estimated by PCR Array method and the results were analyzed by RT software. A gene expression alteration in studied in the three cancer cell lines were similar. According to the results, OCT4B1 suppression inhibits the expression of TRAF family and this induces apoptosis in the cancer cell lines. Therefore, OCT4B1 can be considered in the recognition of mechanism of cancer and also cancer therapy.

Nurses are considered to be among the most important groups in providing health services, and effectiveness of the health systems is dependent on the optimal activity of this profession. Regarding nursing shortage, as a world challenge, this study aimed to assess the nursing shortage concept, the reasons and consequences behind this problem and strategies to solve it. This review study was performed using authentic scientific resources in the data bases of PubMed, Science Direct, SID and Google Scholar and reports of scientific organizations during 2000-2014. Nursing shortage concept was varied based on the work scope and geographical region, and depended on the balance of supply and demand of forces. The main reasons for nursing shortage included the change in demographical characteristics of people, emerging of new diseases, emigration, and failure in policies related to recruitment and retention of nurses. The outcomes of nursing shortage included increasing workload, job dissatisfaction, high professional error, leaving the work place and mortality of patients. To overcome nursing shortage, issues such as increasing student recruitment, changes in employment policies, decentralization of health systems and increasing salary of nurses had been expressed in the studies. Based on the results of this study, adequacy of nursing forces in the healthcare system has a direct relationship with patients’ satisfaction and reduction of mortality rates. Therefore, by identifying nursing shortage factors and developing comprehensive policies about staff recruitment and retention a step forward in resolving nursing shortage and strengthening the health care system will be taken.

Electroencephalography is the recording of electrical activity of the brain. Studies have indicated that the electrical activity of the brain can be different in MS patients vs. healthy individuals. Multiple Sclerosis is a disease of young adults and it is usually diagnosed in ages between 20 to 40 years. The present study was conducted to compare EEG waves in MS patients and normal people. This descriptive study was carried out in Tabriz in 2014. The EEG waves of 30 MS patients and 30 normal people were collected. The normal people were selected from the companions of patients who were also matched for age, sex and education level. The results were recorded using EEG device and after quantifying the data SPSS/21 software was used to analyze the data. There were significant differences between the two groups in Delta, Theta and Beta in the frontal lobe, Beta waves in central region and Beta wave in the occipital region (P<0.05). According to the findings, it is suggested that in the medical centers and MS associations, the cognitive function of MS patients be reinforced and rehabilitated.

The index of Quality of Life is used by health care providers for assessing the outcomes of their interventions. Identifying the affecting factors of quality of life is central for individualizing of nursing care. The aim of the current study was to estimate the quality of life and its correlation with individual factors in the Iranian patients with breast cancer. This correlation study was conducted on 150 women with breast cancer going under chemotherapy (with or without radiotherapy). The data were gathered via the Quality of Life questionnaire including physical, psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions and the individual factors questionnaire. Correlation tests (spearman and Pearson) K2 and ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The mean score of quality of life was 239.06±44.85 which is considered to be a moderate level. The highest and lowest scores were in spiritual (103.61) and psychological (36.46) dimensions respectively. There was a significant correlation between the physical, psychological, and social dimensions with age and the age of diagnosis, and spiritual dimensions and the different individual factors and having background diseases p<0.05. the correlation between given individual factors and some dimensions of quality of life revealed that in delivering health care to the patients with breast cancer, total score of quality of life should not be the only criterion for judging about the outcomes of interventions.

According to the impact of women's health on family and community health, this study was designed to investigate the health-promoting lifestyle and its related factors in reproductive aged women in Ahvaz. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1200 reproductive aged women who were referred to 10 health centers in Ahwaz. They were selected by multistage sampling. Data collection were done by means of demographic and health promoting lifestyle (HPLP2) questionnaires. Data analysis were performed by SPSS 21 using descriptive statistics and odds ratios. The Mean±SD age of participants was (30.76±6.14) years. The highest score of health promoting lifestyles were related to health responsibility (35.11±7.81) and self-actualization (31.94±6.26) and the lowest score was related to exercise (11.89 ± 5.34). Results of Odds ratios from logistic regression showed that, the number of children, occupational situation and educational level of wife, also occupational situation of her spouse were factors affecting health-promoting lifestyle (p 0.05). By reason of the impact of some demographic characteristics on the health promoting lifestyles, health planners and health service providers to women, attentiveness to these points are enable to take the best decisions for women's health promotion.