Epidemiology and Health System Journal
Volume:2 Issue: 4, Autumn 2015

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a constant magnetic field and radio waves, a non-invasive method for examining tissues, organs and the skeletal system. The advantages and disadvantages of MRI is not fully understood. In the computerized tumor (CT) scan, as an invasive method, the x-rays of the body is used for tomography; which different x-ray attenuation coefficient in tissues as well as the reconstruction of images could affect on the scanning of the patient and the received amount of radiation by the patient. However, compared to other radiographical diagnostic methods, CT scan could lead to the exposure of the patients against substantial radiation dosage, which may have several radiobiological effects such as delayed effects of radiation (possible effect) with the result of a variety of cancers, chromosomal failures and potential genetic abnormalities in the future generations.It is recommended that these tests would prescribe for the patients with greater accuracy and caution; with application of magnetic dosimeter for monitoring exposure of people who working with MRI (as its application for X-ray and CT scan).

India has a high burden of tobacco usage and its related morbidity and mortality. Almost 30% of the Indian population above 15 years of age use some form of tobacco. Men usually use smoked tobacco, while women are more likely to use smokeless (chewed) tobacco. Tobacco usage has been identified as a risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among slum dwellers in urban cities. This study explored the tobacco consumption patterns and its determinants in an urban slum community of New Mumbai. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Study methods included review of secondary literature and policy documents on tobacco control. Primary data was collected from the Turbhe slum community in New Mumbai using semi-structured interview schedules. Cluster sampling followed by simple random sampling technique was used to achieve the sample size of 300 households. The prevalence of tobacco consumption in Turbhe slums was very high. 25% of tobacco consumers initiated tobacco use before 18 years of age. Peer pressure emerged as a major factor for initiation of tobacco consumption. Smokeless tobacco was the predominant form of tobacco consumed. Though television is the most viewed medium, newspapers and magazines were the most impactful media for quitting tobacco. Tobacco consumption is a major public health challenge in urban slums of New Mumbai. Absence of effective legislation on curbing availability of tobacco products and poor community awareness on the harmful effects of tobacco creates a vicious cycle contributing to the rising burden NCDs in India.

Loneliness typically includes anxious feelings. It is particularly relevant to adolescence period. It has effect on physical and mental health. The present study aimed to identify the predictive factors of loneliness among high schools female students. A cross –sectional survey was carried out among high schools female students in Ilam during the academic year 2014-15. Sampling was done by multistage method. The student's consent to participation in the study obtained by full filled the questionnaires. Data were collected by demographic and University of California, Los Angeles questionnaire. Questionnaires with incomplete information were excluded. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was measured as an index of internal identicalness of the questionnaire to verify its reliability. A total 400 female high school students were studied. Overall, 62.8% of students put into non- loneliness group and 37.3% of all have loneliness. The univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrates that education field, father’s education and father’s occupation were different between the groups (P < 0.05). The risk of loneliness was higher in students with a mathematical sciences education field in comparison to general education field (OR= 1.75). In multivariate logistic regression analysis the education field, father’s education and father’s occupation were considered as independent predictive variables for female students’ loneliness. The AUROC criterion was applied to compute both the sensibility and the specificity of the manikin. The overall percent of correct classification of the model is 64%. Identify the causes of students loneliness can prevent complications and provide appropriate solutions.

According to psychological research female-headed households have a lot of physical and mental problems because they experience stress and anxiety more than the other women in general population. The aim of this study was to determine the quality of life and the associated factors in female-headed households under the Welfare Organization coverage of Ilam Province. In this descriptive analytical study, 787 female-headed households under the Welfare Organization coverage of Ilam in urban and rural in Ilam province participated in this study. Systematic random sampling was used as a sampling method. A validated questionnaire (SF-36) completed in a six-month interval and then the data were collected and analyzed. From 787 female-headed households contributing to the project, the numbers of missing subjects were 79 and 708 of the subjects completed the questionnaires (response rate 89.9%). Mean ± SD age of participants was 53.3±19.18. The results of this study showed an unfavorable health related quality of life in female-headed households spatially in role–physical (mean score 48.06) and mental health (mean score 40.80) demission. We found that having the chronic disease and living in rural area were associated with an unfavorable health related quality of life (P≤0.001). According to the results, the most important reason affecting the quality of life in female-headed households is low level of illiteracy and having a chronic illness.

Bladder cancer is the most common tumor of the urinary tract and the ninth cancer in terms of incidence in both sexes in the world. Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer in men in Iran. This study aimed to investigate the trend of death from bladder cancer in Iran. This study was conducted by the use of data on mortality in Iran during 2006-10. Data on mortality from cancer within the study period were collected and entered on a pre-designed form. Mortality rates per 105 persons were calculated by age group and sex, and the trend of mortality from this cancer was determined. The results from the calculation of mortality rates per 105 persons indicated that the death rate from bladder cancer is reduced from 1.12 to 1.09. The mortality rates during all the years under study showed that increasing age increases bladder cancer in men. No particular change was observed in the analysis of the trend of tobacco use in Iran in the last two decades, which can be considered as one of the causes of constancy of mortality trend from bladder cancer. However, given the increase in the number of people over 65 and the observed growing trend in bladder cancer incidence in various regions of the country, it is recommended that health policies are adopted in order to prevent risk factors behind this type of cancer such as tobacco and harmful industrial materials.

Cats carry a lot of zoonotic parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii which causes toxoplasmosis in warm-blooded animals. Toxoplasmosis includes wide range of symptoms in its intermediate and definitive hosts but the worst symptoms have been seen in pregnant women and also on immunocompromised hosts. Considering the importance of cats as the only definitive host that spread the T. gondii oocysts in environment, it is necessary to obtain comprehensive information about the role of cat in life cycle of T. gondi. Our objective was Analysis of feral cats role in dissemination of Toxoplasma gondii infection in rural area, Golestanprovince, North-East of IRAN. During the January 2012 to February 2014, a total of 210 feral cats were captured by hand made traps. Age, sex, season and locality were documented. Blood samples from carotid were collected, sera were separated by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 min and stored at 20 C0 until laboratory examination. The procedure was based on designed ELISA AVIDITY kit. The frequency of T. gondii infection in serum samples was 85 %(180/210). Percentage of T. gondii infection was similar in male & female and different seasons but significant difference between sampled villages has been recorded. Also the seropositivity rate of T.gondi has positive relationship with age (p˂0.005). Performing suitable screening test in rural population, keeping feral cats far from villages, control of feral cats population by sterilization and making villagers aware of toxoplasmosis danger are recommended.

Leishmaniasis is a widespread problem, especially in the tropical and subtropical countries. Since understanding epidemiologic and geographical distribution of the diseases is necessary for prevention and control of Leishmaniasis. This study was conducted for epidemiological survey of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Khorasan Province, using GIS during the years 2006-2013. In this cross-sectional study, data of the Leishmaniasis patients between the years 2006 and 2013 collected from the different districts ofN. Khorasan Province. The gathered data was analyzed by using Spps16 statistical software and chi-square test. Data concerning 2831 patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis were collected. The maximum outbreak of the disease occurred in 2011 and the minimum occurrence was reported in 2008. The mean age of the study population was 22.80 ± 18.08 and the maximum cases of infection were observed in age group of 16-30 years. 58.6% of the patients were male and 53.5% of them lived in the villages. The maximum infection of the disease was observed in Esfarayen with 1095 people (38.7%). There was a significant relationship between the gender and age of the patients and cutaneous Leishmaniasis (P<0.001). In this province, Leishmaniasis is more epidemic among men of 16-30 years of age, villagers and laborers. These factors have to be necessarily considered in prevention and controlling programs.

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus. After the primary onset of MERS in Saudi Arabia, in September 2015 cases began to increase. The number of laboratory-affirmed cases by MERS-CoV in the Middle East has been being increased recently. In this current review article, by using the terms “MERS” and “coronavirus” we first searched for English language articles in the PubMed database, published in last five years. Then by a detailed review of related articles, we provided a comprehensive information about epidemiology, genetic, host and coronavirus treatment. More importantly, evidences of human-to-human transmission in Europe and America indicate that the viral adaptations in humans may precede a large-scale epidemic. The genome of Coronaviruses is a linear positive-sense single stranded large RNA and they are enveloped viruses that have a helical symmetric nucleocapsid. Some new insights have been provided in previous few months in to the animal Coronavirus hosts, transmissibility, contagion of MERS Co-V and ideal laboratory diagnostic methods. It seems crucial to control this new human infection “MERS-CoV” by collaborating global and local health authorities and their continual support for further research on it.

Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon that can be defined in both economic and social terms. The paper attempts to review existing evidence to understand the relation between poverty and ill health in the context of the limited conceptual and operational definitions of these terms. The paper uses two of Hills criteria- reversibility and dose response relationship to understand the association between poverty and health. This study is based on review of literature from secondary sources retrieved using key words like poverty, health and economic growth. Relevant studies were identified capturing theoretical and empirical evidence on this issue. The relationship between poverty and health is a complex one. There is evidence that poverty and income inequality may be the cause of ill health. However, the association does not stop there. Ill health can drive households into more poverty thus creating a vicious cycle between poverty and ill health. The relationship between health and wealth is heterogeneous and does not operate in isolation. Providing income may not always improve health. Appropriate redistribution of income may be helpful. However, without taking into context the socio-cultural, educational and social support structures, income redistribution by itself may not be meaningful. With the MDG targets on poverty and health not being met by most countries, it is to be seen if the SDG focus on poverty and health translates into meaningful action.

The prevalence of Iran Deficiency Anemia (IDA) in pregnant women is in Variable between 40-80% in developing countries. There are some differences among different studies on this disorder. So, this present study is been performed for evaluating the prevalence of IDA among pregnant Iranians with systematic review and Meta analysis method. This study is based on received information achieved from Magiran,, Iran medex, SID, Med lib, IranDoc, Scopus, Pubmed, SceinceDirect, Cochrane, Embase, Medline, Springer, Online Library Wiley and Google Scholar in chronological order of 1 January 1991 to 31 march 2015 with using standard key words. Search and extraction of data were done by two independed reviewers. To pooled of results of studies random effects model in meta-analysis was used. In the 32 eligible studies, the 63372 individuals were been evaluated. The prevalence of Anemia among pregnant Iranians was estimated 14.2% (95% CI: 12- 16.3%). most prevalence of Anemia was seen in the study, which it is used the samples collected in several parts of country, (21.5%) and the lowest prevalence was seen in the West of country(7%). The prevalence of Anemia in urban and rural pregnant women was estimated 13.7% and 20% approximately, respectively. The prevalence of anemia among pregnant Iranians in current 24 years were less according to WHO system report for developing countries, that it is related to appropriate plan and care in pregnancy period in countries.

Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. The Th9 subset develops in response to combined signals from TGF-b and IL-4 among a cacophony of other cytokines in the extracellular milieu.T helper 9 (Th9) cells,a novel CD4 T cell subset, seem to play a complex role in the outcome of specific immune responses. In this article, we aim to review the role of these cells in infectious disease.in this mini-review research,we study 25novel articles since 2009 to 2014 about the The role of T helper9 in some Infectious Diseases. pleural mesothelial cells promoted Th9 cell differentiation by presenting antigen. It was differentiated Th17 but not Th9 cells significantly elevated in the development of CVB3-induced VMC. The microenvironment of VMC seemed to contribute to the differentiation and proliferation of Th17rather than Th9 cells. Having reviewed the limited number of articles considering this relevance, we came to this result that Lymphatic Filariasis and mycobacterium tuberculosis infections confirmed the existence of relationship. In addition, Rapamycin resistant murine Th9 cells have a stable in vivo phenotype and inhibit graft-versus-host reactivity but concerning Viral Myocarditis,Th9 cells could not protect against it. the accurate molecular mechanisms underlying the generation and differentiation of human Th9 cells are not elucidated completely. Th9 cells exhibit Ag-specific expansion in a chronic helminth infection (lymphatic filariasis), but in relevance to viral myocarditis,Th9 cells did not show efficient role against it.Anyway, whether Th9 cells participate in the protection against infections warrants further research

Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer is. The true prevalence of infection in cancer remains unknown But the incidence of these cancers in 1.7 % of all cases of cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the changes of liver cancer mortality in the population during the years 2006 to 2010. In this study, the reported data were used for the face of death in the country. After the initial planning of this study, data were collected during cancer-related deaths and entered into a pre-designed form. The results of the calculation of mortality rates per hundred thousand people showed the death rate from cancer has increased from 4.78 to 5.37. The mortality rates in all years of the study show Liver cancer in men is higher than women with increasing age, the death rate from this cancer also increases.Discussion and According to the research of liver cancer is on the rise and liver cancer screening in low therefore recommended that in patients with hepatitis B, liver cancer screening is to detect cases.