نشریه منابع آب و توسعه
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 5، بهار 1393)

Ghaemshahr- Joybar plain is located in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. The study area extends from 35°-44' to 36°- 47' North latitudes and 52°-35' to 53°-23' East longitudes. For evaluation of groundwater quality, samples were collected from 22 spots and after examining them, different parameters were determined. Groundwater qualities were examined by various physico-chemical parameters. The sequence of abundance of the major cations and anions is as follows: Na+K>Ca>Mg = HCO3>Cl>SO4 (1999), Ca>Na+K>Mg= HCO3> Cl > SO4 (2011). The kinds of facies are CaHCO3 and mixed water with Ca, Mg, Cl and Na-Cl dominant water type. In the studied area, calcite, gypsum, dolomite, Halite saturation indices are indictive of their saturation or oversaturation in ground water. Ionic ratios indicated that sodium ion originates from salt water intrusion and weathering of clay minerals, calcium and magnesium from limestone and dolomite deposits.

Maintaining soil moisture content at about field capacity and reducing water loss in near root zone using sub-irrigation methods plays a key role in developing soil and water management programs. Providing soil moisture can be an efficient method of subirrigation systems for many orchards at arid and semi-arid regions. In this research, in order to provide the water requirement of grape plant were used porous clay capsules with height and diameter of 12 cm and 3.5 cm, respectively. The water consumption, yield production and water use efficiency were evaluated and compared in both drip and porous clay irrigation systems. The results showed that the irrigation types significantly affect water consumption and water use efficiency. The average water consumption and yield production with buried clay capsules and drip irrigation methods on grapevine plant were 4050 and 6668 M3.ha-1 and 14.2 and 14.8 Ton.ha-1, respectively. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that using buried porous clay capsules leads to higher water use efficiency compared to drip irrigation in growing grapevine plant in arid and semiarid regions.

The effects of human activities on surface water quality have been exhaustively investigated. Studies show that the relation between land use/land cover and surface water quality depends on location. However, temporal characteristics of the problem are poorly understood. This paper examines the hypothesis stating that the impact of land use/land cover on surface water quality varies with space and time. i.e., it is a spatio-temporal linkage. Due to the non-stationarity of the problem as well as the spatial auto-correlation which exists between the values observed at the monitoring stations, the ordinary least square regressions produce unwanted bios in the results. Hence, the geographically weighted regression (GWR) is suggested to model the spatially varying characteristics of the problem. We also extend GWR to support time dimension in order to consider the temporal variations, as well. The results of implementing the proposed approach is represented and evaluated in a case study.

The objective of this research is to assess the contamination of Eshtehard aquifer using the concepts of carrying capacity and threshold. For this purpose, on the basis of continuous measurement of groundwater level of 16 wells in the study area, the isolevel map of groundwater was prepared, then 14 resources including 9 wells and 5 aqueducts were selected and two sampling were carried out in 2010- 2011. After chemical analysis of samples, the maps of EC and NO3 were drawn in GIS. The average annual drawdown of water table was calculated to be 0.69 meter using the annual hydrograph, which was indicative of the over exploitation of the aquifer. Moreover, the results showed that the EC and Nitrate concentration was high, for they passed the thresholds in most parts. Thus, it would be a serious threat to the aquifer. According to the concepts of threshold and carrying capacity, groundwater has been exploited over the carrying capacity of aquifer in most parts and since the exploitation and use of water in agriculture is the major consumption in the study area, the residual of chemical fertilizers has been kept in the soil and permeated to the aquifer by the agricultural water which leads to the increase in Nitrate.

In this study a numerical model has been presented for solving fractional advection dispersion equation(FRADE) in rivers with dead or stagnant zone. The FRADE equation is solved numerically with finite diference method useing a time splitting technique for solving advection and dispersion terms separatly. Analytical solution of modified advection dispersion equation model (MADE) and observed data from Severn river in U.K. were used to demonstrate the model capabilities. There is a good agreement between the observed data, analytical solution of MADE model and FRADE model. The fractional model characterized by the FRADE can accurately simulate the long-tailed dispersion processes in natural rivers.

Knowing the amount of sediment transport in rivers and the effectiveness of protective measures is necessary. Due to the proliferation of dams on rivers, knowledge of sediment volume estimation and how and when sediment moves is so important.Kashkan watershed is located in Lorestan province with an area of 9287.39 km2. This watershed is one of the main subbasins of large Karkheh river basin in western Iran. Kashkan watershed usually experiences bigfloods with high sediment. In this research, different aspects of sediment transport were assessed using HEC RAS software. In this study, during 31 years (1980 to 2010), geometeric data of Poldokhtar station and 200 meters of its upstream were used and assessed for simulating sediment transport and its temporal changes. The main purpose of this research was to analyze sediment transport in flooding months and to select the best method for estimating sediment transport rates in the study area. The evaluation of sediment transport by the HEC RAS 4.1showed a good agreement between measured and simulated sediment based on Nash Sutcliffe efficiency criteria (72% for the calibration and 78% for the validation period). Moreover, most floods with high sediment transport occur in the winter especially in December.

To determine the hydrologic characteristics of a basin, all factors cannot be taken into consideration, but the key factors that are considered to be more influential than others should be taken into account. Physiographic and hydrologic features of the watershed are important parameters to evaluate the watershed condition. The present study aimed to investigate the physiographic and hydrographic characteristics of Gharesou watershed. Among the features are: area, perimeter, slope, aspect, hypsometry, stream network and stream order using GIS. The results showed that in addition to the vastness of the area, the shape of the watershed was stretched which subsequently will increase the time of concentration and chance of infiltration.this is an important issue in runoff management. GIS is an effective and useful tool in improving the accuracy and speed and reducing the costs of studies.

This study aimed to assess the effects of urban activities in Isfahan city on the water quality of Zayanderoud River during the years 1997-2010. In this study, we investigated: 1) the changes in physicochemical parameters such as river discharge, pH, and EC in this period (1997-2010) in three locations: before the city, within the city and after the city; 2) the changes in the density of the four different macrobenthos families as Chironomidae, Lumbricidae, Lumbriculidae and Tubificidae in this period and in the aforementioned locations. Data were analyzed using the statistical software MiniTab 15 using Regression. The result showed that during 1997-2010, physicochemical and biological parameters have changed significantly. Besides, the amount of discharge has significantly declined in this period. The findings showed that by increasing the distance from the Zayanderoud dam wall, discharge and pH significantly decreased but EC increased and, in consequence, macrobenthos density increased significantly by time. Considering the biological features and habitats specification, this issue was indicative of the undesirable quality of water in the river while the river passes the city. This can result from recent global climate change by decreasing precipitation, discharging different wastewater to river and increasing water transfers to other areas.

The degree of popular participation in development programs is a major determinant of success or failure of the programs, but the factors which make people participate still remain unknown. Many studies have developed numerous and sometimes different views concerning the dimensions of participation. The present study was designed to analyze people's participation in soil and water resources management programs by using the framework of social exchange theory. An instrument consisting of 42 items was developed to measure the level of participation and social exchange. In order to achieve this goal, three villages were chosen in Hablerud basin in Iran. In these areas, 200 respondents were randomly selected and data were collected through personal interviews. Descriptive analysis, factor analysis, Pearson product moment correlation and multiple regressions were employed to analyze the data. The results showed that the overall participation in this program was low, but social participation was relatively higher than economic and environmental participation. Correlation analysis showed that there were significant relationships between exchange factors and level of participation (r =0.58). Multiple regression analysis indicated that the exchange factors explained about 34 percent of variation in the level of participation.

In this research, the effects of water spreading and artificial recharge basin on some physical and chemical characteristics of soil were studied. Three areas chosen for this research are as follows: the control, spreading, and the recharge basin areas. Water spreading and the recharge basin was designed, so that the flood water were transported by transition channel to the first diffusion channel and to the next spreading channel. The data were randomly collected and then were analyzed by SPSS software. 14 physical and chemical Characteristics were analyzed for each sample. The results showed that flood collection in the flood spreading area and artificial recharge basin were important both for ground water recharging and cropping.

Characteristics of basins and their erosion and sedimentation are of great importance in the studies of water resources. Moreover, soil erosion is a problem that causes great damage to the economy of the country every year and reduces or kills soil fertility. Lack of information on soil erosion studies is the most important problem in these basins. Therefor this study aimed to delineate Manshad basin erosion features as well as to save time and cost and to increase the accuracy of the test. In this study, six indicators of surface geology, namely soil type, precipitation, slope, land use and vegetation type were investigated to assess soil erosion by using remote sensing and GIS methods. The results showed that the Quaternary deposits play a significant role in reducing erosion in the area. Formation of Cretaceous limestone increases erosion in sub basin 4 (22.74 %). Moreover, the most area (13.65 Km2) has the highest average erosion rate of about 640.93 M3/Km2. Therefore it is suggested that, to reduce erosion, the dramatic increase of livestock in the region should be banned. Watershed protection and improvement of the plantation should be taken into consideration to prevent further erosion in this region.

The main goal of this study is to predict drought of Mazandaran and Golestan provinces using Fuzzy Logic. In this study, the annual rainfall data for 12 stations in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces for a period of 3 years (1971-2001) were analyzed. The sufficiency and accuracy of available data and scattered data were evaluated. The drought indices used in this study were 1.Standard Index of Annual Precipitation (SIAP) 2.Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI). According to the available indices, three classes (weak drought, medium drought and intense drought) were taken into consideration. The feature of rainfall values were extracted using descriptive statistical parameters. J48 algorithm is used as a feature selection procedure to choose pertinent feature from data set. The results of J48 algorithm was used to generate rules and membership function set. Finally, in order to evaluate the proposed J48-Fuzzy model, the data sets were used to test the model. The results showed that the total classification accuracy for SIAP and RAI indices were 72.22 %, 86.66%, respectively.

Tourism includes any trip in which people leave their workplace or residential area. Most tourists care about the weather, culture or the nature of their destination more than anything else. Tourists have to pay for food, accommodation, entertainment that leads to prosperity and restoration of maritime tourism. The present study aims to investigate maritime tourism in the city of Chabahar and thereby paves the way for the revival of tourism by developing maritime sports. This research is a survey method and the research population is composed of the tourists and residents of Chabahar. Stratified sampling proportional to the size and scale of five-point Likert scale was utilized and its validity was confirmed by experts. Data was collected through observation, interviews, visits and surveys of experts, sport officials and athletes. Statistical and SWOT methods were used for analyzing the information and strategies such as minimizing weaknesses for the issue of restoration of maritime tourism in the study area were presented by developing aqua sports and enhancing hardware and software infrastructure for tourism development with sporting purposes.

In this study, some physical and chemical properties of shallow coastal waters of the Gulf of Chabahar have been studied in five different stations in the summer of 2013. Based on the results of the study, the water temperature varied from 24.95 to 28.11 ° C, salinity of waters was in the range of 36.02 to 37.42 mg L, the pH value between 8.02 to 8.17 and alkalinity in the range of 2.38 to 2.46 mmol H+ / kg of seawater (mmol H+/kg), respectively. The amount of Nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the case water was in the range of 7.3±3 to 19±4, 2/5±0/9 to 16±1, 31±5 to 79± 12? g/L and 2.5 to 34.7 ng/L. In this study, wind waves in Chabahar Bay were calculated using the OSW numerical model and then, they were analyzed. Data of wind of twenty years from weather stations were used to predict the radiation zone. The result of numerical model with measured data of Chabahar Bay was calibrated and accordingly, the height and amplitude of the waves were calculated as 2.7 meter and 5.5 seconds, respectively. The dominant wave direction was SE (southeast).

Nowadays, one of the main goals of the city council is to extend the green environment and health for their citizens to improve their quality of life. Water is the main limiting factor for this purpose in Mashhad. The economic evaluation of the project is considered one of the most important sections as the funding source is limited and it is not important who pays the cost and who will benefit in a public project. This issue has to be taken into consideration via economic values for all multi factors and multi goals in social activities. As the cost was paid at the first part and income will be earned later, it is necessary to determine a communal temporal basis for expenses and income. Therefore, the expenses and incomes have to be changed for the same date. For this purpose, the future income was adjusted to current date that it is called befit to cost ratio. The results showed that the benefit to cost ratio is 1.14 for rain harvesting in this project and they also indicated that the project's economic annual rate is 5 %. In other words, after 30 years it will be able to cover its cost.

Physical and Chemical studies indicate that hydrochemical facies of Ziarat River, one of the drinking water resource, are (Ca-Mg -HCO+2; Cl3 - HCO3 -Ca-Mg). According to hardness classification, water class of Gorgan's drinking water isvery hard. While, the total dissolved solid of Gorgan's drinking water is rock-dominance, according to Gibbs classification. Regarding the present physical standards of drinking waters, turbidity is one of the most important parameters of the rivers which are used for drinking water. A several year evaluation of Ziarat River showed that the turbidity this river has been between 185-2572, prior to entrance to WTPG. High fluctuation of Ziarat River turbidity is due to flood nature of this river, so that turbidity of water manifest higher amount in 1378 compared to the following years. Regarding intensive erosion and sedimentation in the Ziarat watershed, in order to decrease the turbidity of water as well as consumption of chemical catalyzes in the WTPG, managements of watershed and construction of several pre-depositional ponds for collection of sediments in entrance of Ziarat River to the WTPG are recommended.

Tourism is one of the most dynamic activities in the world today. The number of foreign and domestic tourists and tourism revenues are steadily increasing across the world. The prosperity of tourism in each geographical area, in additon to positive and negative outcomes, brings about some ecological effects which, if continue, can lead to irreparable damages. Currently, the spatial pattern of land use development trends or procedures of construction in Kish Island are not consistent with its fragile ecological conditions and severe climate. Moreover, using the available technologies for the efficient utilization and conservation of resources have not realized. In this study, some conclusions were reached. Among them are: Kish Island has some strengths and weaknesses in terms of tourism and biological factors. Marine Strengths include good sea conditions, high economic use for human consumption, industry and irrigation, surface water, tourist attractions of aqueducts system. Weaknesses include pollution of the sea due to urban wastewater, recreational activities, recovery of land on the beach and groundwater pollution caused by urban activities.

Lakes Haft barm are series of freshwater lakes which are located in the North West in the East folded Zagros. These lakes are located in the interior Fars on Gachsaran formation and western margin of Karebas fault. In this research, in order to identify water source of lakes Haftbarm, a comprehensive study including field observations, chemical and isotopic analysis and measurement of Input and output was performed and the change in water level of the lakes were investigated. Preliminary studies reveal that three distinct aquifers could be distinguished based on hydrogeological and hydro chemical characteristics of the study area. Three aquifers, namely limestone aquifer, alluvial aquifer and Gachsaran formation aquifer were identified. Potentially, lakes Haftbarm could be recharged by these aquifers. The results showed that the main source of water in lakes Haftbarm in surface water. Using evidence obtained from geological, hydrogeological, hydrochemical and isotopic data, it can be concluded that the main source of the lakes Haftbarm water is surface water around the lakes.

Growing population is the most important factor affecting water resources. In arid and semi-arid areas, it will be a conflicting issue to allocate limited water resources to different uses. Birjand Plain in eastern Iran is situated in an arid area. In spite of lack of local water resources, the regional economic structure is based mostly on agriculture which is highly dependent on water. The main question is that how much local economy in Birjand Plain depends on water. In this paper, a conceptual model based on the concepts of system dynamics has been developed to show the inter-relationship of economic elements regarding water consumption. In addition to agriculture, the industrial and service sectors have been embedded in the model. The model was used to analyze the water dependency of the regional economy using data facts. The results showed that mines and industrial activities are more reasonable for the regional development in Birjand Plain. However, saffron, barberry, and jujube are the crops which are feasible according to the local conditions of water resources in the agricultural sector.

Evaporation as a basic data has a special importance in agricultural, hydrological, meteorological, and water and soil conservation research; however, measurement of actual evapotranspiration (via lysimeter as an exact measurement instrument) is so difficult and impractical. During the past 50 years, several empirical methods were developed by different scientists and technicians for measuring evapotranspiration based on various climatic variables. In the present study, monthly potential evaporation was estimated using the data obtained from Meshkinshahr synoptic via 5 empirical and theoretical methods of Turc, Linacre, Thornthwaite, Blaney-Criddle and Ivanov. Then, in order to select the best empirical model for Meshkinshahr Synoptic Station, SPSS and Excel softwares were used for statistical analysis. In addition, different correlation models were developed between class-A pan data and empirical models. In order to select the best model, correlation among the three models (i.e. linear, logarithmic, and inverse) was determined and the model with the highest correlation coefficient was chosen. The obtained results were compared with class-A pan data. The results showed that among the tested methods, Turc method had the highest consistency with class-A pan evaporation data.