نشریه منابع آب و توسعه
سال دوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 7، پاییز 1393)

The main objective of this study is to examine the factors influencing the optimal management of agricultural water in the city of Hamedan. 148 farmers who are farming in the city of the Hamedan where randomly selected as the research sample. The Data was collected via questionnaire and interview. The accuracy of the indicators and the items of the questionnaire or the face validity were confirmed by the specialists of the course. The methodology used in this study was based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches including dynamic simulation using Vensim software and analytical- descriptive methods. In data analysis, different statistical methods were used (KMO value is equal to 0.848 and Bartlett amount equals 3315 that was significant at 0.01 level of significance). The results showed that from farmer's points of view, the optimal management of water is analyzable and identifiable via four factors. These factors explain more than 79.21 percent of the total variance. Finally, some pieces of advice are recommended to achieve the optimal development of water resources in Hamedan.

Distributed models such as soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) are increasingly being used for an optimum watershed management, especially, for management of the water resources and thus it is important for these models to pass a careful calibration and uncertainty analysis. To fulfil this demand, the potential use of three calibration procedures including Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Sequential Uncertainty Fitting algorithm (SUFI-2), and Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) was investigated to calibrate SWAT model for dailly runoff simulation in a mountainus watershed (the Bazoft watershed, central Iran). Two indices including coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) were used to quantify the accuracy and efficiency of calibration-uncertainty performance. Using PSO algorithm for the calibration of the model resulted in a better runoff simulation compared to that of using GLUE and SUFI-2 algorithms. The NS value for the calibrated-SWAT model, using the PSO algorithm, was 0.62 while it was 0.48 and 0.52 for the calibrated models using the GLUE and SUFI-2 algorithms, respectively. It can be concluded that using PSO algorithm to calibrate SWAT model for dailly runoff simulation in watersheds with limited input data (such as that in our case) may lead to more suitable calibration results.

In this research the Groundwater Flow System has been studied in Karstic Prao- Bisetoun region. Therefore, sinkholes, linear features and springs are recognized to groundwater flow system indicators, which could be detection recharge, intermediate and discharge areas in karstic system. Field research, analysis of topographic maps and Measure the spectral reflectance has been used to detect sinkholes. Lineaments were extracted by enhancement Filtering technique. Descend coefficients and dynamic storage volume of springs were calculated and their hydrograph curve was plotted and examined their relation to rainfall and snow. The results showed that the karst aquifer is fed by sinkholes and through developed channels that act like underground rivers to carry the water to springs. Due to low distribution Sinkholes in the northern plains, Kamijeh and Sohrab springs discharge are less than the southern spring's groups. The high frequency of Sinkholes in the southern part of study area has been caused to increase the springs discharge, so that Brnaj spring which is located near the focus region has the highest rate.

In this study, a two-dimensional model is presented to design the distances between laterals and to predict the situation of water table between two lateral drainages after an irrigation or precipitation. The equation is obtained through combining continuity, Darcy and Van Genuchten equations and is solved using numerical finite difference method considering appropriate boundary conditions.. To validate the obtained model, the control profile was compared to model derived profile. The results indicated that the outputs of the model have more precision in long-term periods, and that acceptable results can be produced if numerical methods are applied to solve the flow equations. Moreover, it was found that the vertical flow is predominant above drainages axes at the onset of infiltration, while horizontal flow is predominant in long-term periods. Comparing the model to traditional draining equations for designing drainage distances, it was found that the Dum equation gives the best results, while the presented model has more precise outputs than Dum equation.

Human has caused the pollution of water resources is increased and its quality reduced by interference. In order to achieve management, the present study aimed to consider relationship between discharge and different variables and parameters quality with using artificial neural network and analysis regression in three important rivers in northen Hormoz strait: Minab, Hasanlangi and Jalabi river in Hormozgan Province. The results show that in more cases the relationship between discharge and water quality variables was logarithmic and linear. In addition, the comparison between regression analysis and artificial neural network with two methods showed that RBF has better function that the others methods. The most and the least amount of root mean square are 632.02, 1894.97, 3972.96 and 0.59, 0.79, 0.26 in Minab, Hasanlangi and Jalabi. The most and the least electrical conductivity values were 28200 and 242 (Mmohos/cm) for Jalabi and Minab, respectively. Minab river has good and moderate quality for drinking and agriculture with an average discharge 33.37 m3/s in 1982-2009. Because of Minab river is supplying sweet water of Bandarabbas has a main role and nowadays for different pollutants, its quality has many oscillations, officials and managers should notice to sustainable and water management in this area.

Management of deltaic water resources is one of the basic necessities of Iran’s coastal area, which is highlighted in the present research. Recycling and distributing discharged water from a river mouth on the deltaic plain are the main steps of this management plan. Accordingly, this plan provides a good opportunity for land reclamation, agriculture, aquaculture and tourism. Indeed, this plan was obtained after studying Zohreh River Delta in terms of river regime, sedimentary facies, geomorphology and quality of soil horizons. Measurements of river and tidal currents and application of numerical models are preconditions of achieving such a plan. The most important parts of this plan are tidal inlets and a freshwater lake with a capacity of 25 million m3, which will be retrieved during a few days in a wet season. In total, 2,480 ha of land reclamation, 30,000 tons of wheat, and 198 ha of other land development projects will be obtainable after implementation of this multidisciplinary management plan. Such a management plan is introduced as a solution for water shortage in Iran’s coastal areas and is also compatible with other deltaic plains of rivers such as Karun, Heleh, Mond, Kol and Bahookalat.

Increasing the flexibility of water distribution and delivery and reducing water loss by downstream control systems plays a crucial role in improving the network performance. With respect to this issue, the use of performance indicators for evaluating irrigation systems is indispensible. In this paper, the original design of Varamin irrigation network was evaluated and compared with the 7-day irrigation period and off night operation with specific conditions. Furthermore, the effect of off night operation in the sensitivity of control structures (duck bill) in downstream of the network was evaluated. The result revealed that off night operation had a better performance compared to the 7- day irrigation period. Thus, there is more water available for downstream farmers in the off night scenario rather than 7- day irrigation period scenario. Besides, they can gain as much water as upstream farmers gain.

As droughts affect different parts of the community such as water resources, agriculture, industry, economy, health etc., monitoring and evaluating drought is of great importance in providing proper planning in different sectors of society. To achieve this aim, first the climatic data for future periods should be generated. For this purpose, one of the most appropriate methods is the patterns coupled output Atmosphere- Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCM). In this study, by using GCM models output and downscaling GCM models by LARS-WG pattern, precipitation data over the period of 2011-2014 were simulated. Using this data, the climatic situation of Urmia and Khoy cities were investigated by drought indices of SPI, PN and ZSI during the study period. The results of this study showed that in the near future severity of drought will be worse in these areas.

In the field of hydrology, the flood routing at rivers is of great importance and modeling looped stage-discharge curve which occurs due to flooding in rivers has attracted the attention of many researchers. However, unfortunately, very few studies have been done on this issue. In this study, using the numerical solution of Saint-Venant’s equations, a computer model is developed in order to predict the looped rating curve in unsteady conditions at regular and irregular channels (Qaresoo River), and the effects of changes in parameters such as Manning roughness, longitudinal slope, lateral slope on looped rating curve are investigated. The results showed that with increasing longitudinal slope, the looped area trends towards zero and flood wave approached to the kinematic wave. The looped area increases as the bed roughness increases and the gap between the rising and falling scale increases. Moreover, based on the area of the loop of the rating curve, it can be determined whether or not the flood waves are dynamic, kinematic or diffused.

The Geoelectrical method plays a critical role in exploration and reviving Qanats. DC resistivity method is a subtype of Geoelectrical method that has been used to explore and revive Qanats. Gaftaj is located about 25 kilometres north-west of Ferdows city, South Khorasan province, Iran. In this area, there are four main Qanats. In the paper, resistivity data have been surveyed by Schlumberger array and 36 electrical soundings was performed on two profiles. The apparent resistivity contour map was prepareded for tow profiles and near sonding. The results showed that excavation is not appropriate for revival of Qanats. Moreover, the result showed that gallery is the best option for revival of Qanats. The apparent resistivity contour map cleared a fault between Shale of the Mesozoic priod and Conglomerate of the Cenozoic priod in this region. Finally, drilling of wells was recommended on the fault for providing water in this region.

In some aquifers such as Kouhdasht alluvial aquifer, lack of sufficient data for groundwater modeling by numerical models constrains us to use the various interpolation methods to determine the required data. Understanding temporal and spatial variations in the depth of groundwater in this region is important for developing management strategies. Among numerous interpolation methods, no method is uniquely optimal, and so the best interpolation method for a specific situation can only beobtained by comparing their results. The records of depth of groundwater for 15 peizometers in Kouhdasht plain were available for three years from 2006 to 2009, allowing us to compare five different interpolation methods based on three selected years (2006-2007, 2007-2008, 2008-2009) as starting points. The five methods were IDW, GP, LP, RBF, Kriging (including OK, SP and UK) and Cokriging (including OK, SP and UK). Cross-validation was applied to evaluate the accuracy of various methods, and two indices- R2 and RMSE- were used to compare the interpolation methods. A Comparison of interpolated values with observed values indicated that Cokriging was the optimal method for interpolating depth of groundwater in this region: it had the lowest value of RMSE and the highest value of R2.

Due to extensive withdrawal from alluvial aquifers all around the Hezarmasjed mountains and less available water for different consumptions, it is essential to study and investigate the Karstic aquifers as an important water resource for meeting water demands. The main purpose of this paper was to identify and evaluate the potential of groundwater resources, especially in carbonate formations, in the Northern part of Hezarmasjed Mountains. To achive this propose, the maps of lithology, distance from intersection fracture, fracture density, distance from fracture, vegetation cover, slope and rain were prepared in GIS environmentbased on available geological, hydrogeological, structural, physiographical, topographical, and climatic data and using Satellite images (IRS and ETM+). These maps of different layers were converted to maps with the same scale using fuzzy membership and analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Then, the final groundwater potential zoning map was prepared, with respect to the importance of each maps, using the index and gamma Fuzzy overlying models. The evaluation of the different overlaying models, according to its correlation with springs’ layer and to the apparent resolution of the final maps, indicate that the gamma Fuzzy overlaying method is the best, comparing to other methods.

River flow Simulation is the first and most important step for controlling flood in water resources management. In this study, daily flow data of Marboreh River was evaluated by using Nero-Fuzzy networks. To this end, different combinations of precipitation, temperature and runoff (as input data) were used for daily inflow estimation in the period 1998-2012. Correlation coefficient, root mean square error and Nash Sutcliff were used to evaluate the performance of this method. The results showed that the combination of structures using the intelligent method for estimating Marboreh River flows was quite acceptable. The correlation coefficient, root mean square error and Nash Sutcliff coefficient were 0.970, 0.001 m3/s, 0.928, respectively. To sum up, the results indicated that Neural-Fuzzy Inference has a better capability to estimate the minimum and intermediate values and has a good correlation with the observed values.

Astaneh-Kouchesfahan Plain is an important water resource system in the northern Iran. In this study, Astaneh-Kouchesfahan plain’s groundwater flow was modeled in the steady state using mesh free analyticelement method (AEM). AEM performs the modeling using exact analytic functions but it does not need mesh-dependent interpolation functions. In this method, each exact analytic function expresses a hydrological and geological feature, which affects aquifer systems. In order to model Astaneh- Kouchesfahan plain’s aquifer in AEM, the uniform flow, line sink, point sink and area sink elements were used. PSO algorithm was utilized to calibrate the model. Analytic element model and the PSO algorithm were developed and implemented in Python OOP language. During the calibration process, using collected data in March 2010, hydraulic conductivity was calculated to be 12.75 m/day and SefidRud’s river bed conductance range 320 to 1200 m2/day. Correlation coefficient for both hydraulic conductivity and the river bed conductance was calculated to be 0.8709. Flow modeling was performed using the aforementioned parameters and the results were compared with data collected in June 2010. Modeling results indicated a correlation coefficient of 0.8877.

Input data accuracy and precision in engineering analyses and policy making processes are of great importance for groundwater resource management. Among the errors which happen to the point data is interpolation error. This may be caused by inappropriate interpolation method. The present study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of geostatistical methods such as ordinary Kriging, Simple kriging and universal Kriging as well as specific techniques such as general estimator, local estimator, radial basis function and the inverse distance to estimate water table in Kashan plain. To investigate the errors related to each method and to select the best method for determining the level of the water table the values for (RMSE), (MAE), (MARE), (MBE), (MAPE) were utilized. The results showed that among kriging interpolation methods, in the simple kriging method, rational quadratic model had higher efficiency. Moreover, as for ordinary and global kriging, the exponential models with higher R and less error were selected to zone water table. Among specific methods, local and general estimators with potent (1 and 2) and(4) and among radial basis, Spline model having higher R and less RMSE showed less efficiency.

In this paper, the effects of climate change on nationwide Iranian climate and water resources were investigated by a trend analysis of temperature, precipitation and river flow. The Mann-Kendal trend test was applied to the time series of monthly temperature and precipitation derived from satellite images. The mean monthly stream-flow data associated with representative stream gages of 6 major Iranian catchments was investigated for detecting any possible trend. Furthermore, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) was computed with the observed precipitation relative to 44 selected stations distributed throughout Iran. The results suggested a long-term increasing trend in temperature all over the country, while a statistically significant decreasing trend in precipitation was observed for north western and south eastern Iran. The results also suggested a decreasing trend in the available water resources across the country which is in agreement with the negative trend of satellite derived precipitation detected for some parts of the country. A decreasing trend was also observed in the SPI index indicating that the occurrence of severe/extreme long lasting droughts in some parts of the country might be attributed to the effects of climate change and global warming.

The objective of the study is to assess the effect of a check dam across a non-perennial river in enhancing groundwater storage and mitigating seawater intrusion in the region north of Chennai, India. Water level in a check dam constructed as a measure of managed aquifer recharge and in the wells located around it was measured once a month from July 2010 to July 2012. Water samples from the dam and wells were also collected and analysed for electrical conductance and major ions once a month. The groundwater table has increased by 1.5 m after the construction of the check dam. The geochemical signatures of the groundwater samples from the wells located within 1.5 km from the check dam were more or less similar to that of the water in the dam. The check dams across Arani and Koratallai rivers has resulted in harvesting about 9% and 11% of runoff respectively. Raise in water table due to the storage in the check dams is expected to push the seawater-freshwater interface by about 2 km towards the sea in future. The check dams in this region have improved the groundwater quantity and quality with very minimal changes in the hydrological balance.

Groundwater is a renewable resource and has a remarkable distinction of being highly dependable, safe and widespread. In this study, chemical parameters including Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+, HCO- 3, CO3 -2, SO4 -2, Cl- were analyzed as well as TDS, pH and electrical conductivity to establish quality characteristics of groundwater in Qahavand plain which islocated in Hamadan Province. The results showed that the Groundwater in the plain can be dominantly arranged as Na+>C 2+>Mg2+>K+ and for anions and likewise it can be sorted as SO4 -2>Cl->HCO3 ->CO3 2 for anions. Average pH for all wells is classified as moderate. Electrical conductivity indicated that the groundwater is relatively to highly saline in the central part. Most samples possess a sodium ratio of less than 60%. The Cl- concentration for irrigation purposes was suitable for five wells, moderate for ten wells and highly restricted for another five wells. Most samples had negative Schoeller index value, indicating the possibility of ion exchange of Ca2+ or Mg2+ in groundwater with Na+ and K+ in aquifer media. Based on Pearson correlation coefficients, all major cations and anions were positively correlated with TDS. These correlation coefficients are remarkable with higher range of 0.95 for Mg2+. The correlation of cations and anions with TDS is significant at 0.01 leve of significance.

In Iran, fine-grained formations (Neocene's units) are very susceptible to erosion. In addition, they are the units producing runoff and causing soil loss in watersheds. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of physicochemical and mechanical properties of these formations on sediment and runoff rates at different rainfall intensities, based onfield simulator in Taleghan Drainage Basin. For this purpose, first Neocene's units were divided into five subunits including Halite siltstone(NgSiH), Siltstone (NgSi), Mudstone (gy1C), Gypsum mudstone (gy1CG) and Halite clay stone (gy2CH), based on physical and chemical properties. Then, runoff and sediment rates were determined in each subunits at two intensities (30 and 60 mm/h) using rainfall simulator. An analysis of variance and Duncan's tests showed that NgSiH subunit has produced the highest amount of runoff and sediment rates and that the runoff and sediment rates of other subunits in a descending order are as follows: NgSi, gy2CH, gy1CG and gy1C. The trend of induced runoff and sediment rates at different times showed that in NgSiH and NgSi subunits runoff amounts were fixed rapidly at the second ten minutes. In addition, on the other subunits, runoff amounts were fixed at the third ten minutes but sediment yield increased rapidly at the third ten minutes.

Estimating runoff in watersheds is of great importance in water resources management.The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of Artificial Neural Network and Multivariate regression in prioritizing climate factors affecting runoff generation in research plots (areas of 10, 20, 30 and 40 m2) of Soil Conservation Research Database of Sanganeh. Sanganeh has an area of 50 hectares and is located in Khorasan Razavi province. For this purpose, the data of rainfall – runoff of 72 events was used in 32 plots. The multivariate regression relationships were created between the input variables (rainfall amount and intensity) and the height of the surface runoff collected in the selected output plot (10, 20, 30 and 40 2), plots with the same conditions on a slope, plots on different slopes and finally, the total plots existing in the area. The results were indicative of a significant and positive effect of climate variables on output runoff volume. The study showed a greater impact of rainfall variables than rainfall intensity in the spatial scales under study. In addition, according to the parameter coefficient and Root Mean Square Error (R2, RMSE), it can be concluded that multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network models are more accurate than multivariate regression models.