International Journal of Medical Reviews
Volume:1 Issue: 1, Winter 2014

Stroke is a very disabling state that affects a considerable number of people around the world and it has been associated with human immunodeficiency (HIV) infection. However, there is no comprehensive review article in the literature that well investigates this critical topic. So, we performed this systematic review using Pubmed search. From 655 studies found at the initial search using broad Mesh terms and after exclusion studies of unrelated topics or out of criteria, 39 studies have been left andreviewed. During over 1.2 million person-years of follow up, a broad spectrum of incidence rate of stroke events has been reported by different authors from 0.73/1000 to 5.27/1000 person years of follow up in different cohort studies. About the anatomical regions of the brain which are complicated by HIV infection, circle of Willis and basal structures including basal ganglia and thalamus seem to be more affected. The range of risk factors which have been associated with stroke events in HIV infected patients is too much wide and includes controversy: younger age, gender, hemorrhagic (vs. ischemic) stroke, antiretroviral therapy are the major factors with controversial factors associated with higher or lower stroke events in HIV infected individuals.on the other hand there were factors constantly reported as risk factors of higher stroke events in HIV positive patients which included CD4 cell counts, having AIDS, diabetes, being smoker, and not having arterial hypertension. Future controlled studies with large study populations can better clarify these risk factors.

Historically, Western medical ethics may be found to guidelines on the duty of physicians such as the Hippocratic Oath, and early Christian teachings. One of the first code of medical ethics was published in the 5th century, in the medieval and early modern period, the field is indebted to Muslim medicine such as Ishaq ibn Ali al- Ruhawi (who wrote the Conduct of a Physician, the first book dedicated to medical ethics) and Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi (known as Rhazes in the West), both as Islamic thinkers. Both western and Islamic ethics in medicine (as one of the most important aspects of human being) have the same concerns; however, the path which guides us to the ultimate goal were different; as Islamic rules relay on The Holy Quran and Hadith. We have gathered as much data as we could find through this two most important sources of Islamic rules regarding Medical Ethics.

Generally, studying and taking license in doctorate of nursing should be according to the society's requirement for better applying of that doctorate degree. In this line, selecting appropriate doctorate program is one the most challenges for any nurses that fulfill the different professional need of nursing disciplinary in academic and clinical settings. The purposes of present study were comparison of the PhD and DNP programs aims and determining appropriate doctoral program from the American and Iranian professor's perspective according to the academic and clinical contexts. The design of study was a review and an internet-based cross-sectional research. Selected governmental Universities in all over the Iran and the United States (presenting DNP program) were settings of study. The participants of study were lectures with the academic position higher than instructor (Assistant professor = 32, Associate professor= 22, and Professor = 5). According to the first purpose, all of American's professors were compared and declared clearly but the majority of Iranian's professors werent differentiated between the purposes and were explained their responses in the uncertainty halo. However, curriculum compatible with the interests and goals, increase in intellectual knowledge, career advancement, primary care clinical practice, and nursing education were described as the final purposes of PhD and DNP programs. About the second purpose, new PhD curriculum was developed according to the academic and clinical contexts with two sections: theoretical (24 credits) and clinical (22 credits) courses. The evolution of such new doctoral program in nursing especially in the developing countries, due to their limitations, deficiencies, and even lacks of resources, needs a multi and interdisciplinary partnership and cooperation to ameliorate bridges and reducing barriers; because of the majority of doctoral courses have dynamic nature and for that, need to modify and reconsider continuously. Furthermore, for better managing the new and sometimes challenging situations, such partnership and cooperation are so necessary.

Burkitt‘s lymphoma is a well known type of malignant lymphoma in the general population; but in transplant era, it has not been defined as a distinct category of post transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD), possibly due to the very rare nature of this disease type in this population. In this first study, however, we aimed to find individual cases of Burkitt’s lymphomas reported by different series in the literature, and to compare their disease characters, behavior and prognosis with other PTLD patients reported by the same studies. A comprehensive search of the current literature was performed through Pubmed and Google Scholar for reports or series including individual cases of Burkitt’s lymphomas developing post renal transplantation. Overall 23 cases of Burkitt’s PTLD were found whose data were compared to 103 renal transplant patients with other PTLD types. Immunosuppression types were comparable between the two groups (p=0.922). Burkitt’s PTLD were significantly more likely to occur in the paediatric age (vs. adults; 41% vs. 13%, respectively; p=0.005); and as late onset disease (>1 year posttransplant; 100% vs. 81%; p=0.035). Multi-organ PTLD (53% vs. 15%, respectively; p=0.004), Bone marrow complication (26% vs. 2%, respectively; p=0.003) and liver metastasis (12.5% vs. 0; p=0.043) were more frequently seen in the Burkitt’s PTLD group. Time interval from transplantation to PTLD development and survival of the patients were comparable between the two groups. Burkitt’s lymphoma in renal transplant recipients is more likely to complicate children and to develop metastatic disease, especially within the bone marrow and the liver. So it is recommended to evaluate renal recipients whose PTLD lesions were histopathologically defined as Burkitt’s lymphoma, for potential metastatic lesions especially within the liver and/or bone marrow. Prospective studies are suggested for confirming these results.

Serotonin is one of the most important Neurotransmitter and made up of aminoacids. Including L-tryptophan, only the L-isomer is used in protein synthesis and can pass across the blood-brain. Serotonin concentration in organisms is among the lowest of all amino acids and it has relatively low tissue. In this paper a brief review has done pertaining to history of serotonin, and potential cognitive aspects including CNS and PNS modulation of serotonin. Major focus of paper is to review subtypes of serotonin receptors. It’s gathered up-to-date information about other pharmacologic agents such as agonist and antagonist of serotonin.

Premature ejaculation (PE) is one of the most important sexual issues in male subjects, which has negative influence on men’s lives and their partners’, as well. There is no common agreement on definition and classification of PE, however, most scientists agreed on three important concepts: Intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT), Ejaculation control and negative impact on interpersonal relationship. As there are 4 types of PE – permanent, acquired, Natural and Preterm-like PE- with different pathogenesis and etiologies, practitioners should have different approach to every individual regarding their personality, signs and symptoms, baseline etiologies and the patients’ expectations. A Large number of the patients suffering from permanent PE need medication. In this literature review, we aim to review and cumulate the existing data in this regard; and to provide an informative conclusion on this critical matter.