International Journal of Medical Reviews
Volume:4 Issue: 3, Summer 2017

Vitamin D plays a basic role in bone growth and metabolism and has been noted for its important role in many diseases. Vitamin D deficiency causes a delay in growth during embryonic and childhood periods. It also causes skeletal deformity and increases the risk of hip fracture. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency differs among different sex and age groups in developing countries. Iran is a country with a high prevalence of moderate to severe vitamin D deficiency. The highest prevalence of moderate to severe vitamin D deficiency in men was observed in Tehran, while Mashhad and Bushehr had the lowest prevalence rates among both men and women... (Read more...)

The traditional treatment of caries was merely surgical. Conventionally, the only effective method of eliminating the disease was to completely remove all of the demineralized area of the tooth structure. Even the smallest area of demineralization required the excavation of a standard amount of sound tooth structure to prevent the progression of disease. Chemomechanical caries removal (CMCR) is a non-invasive technique in which chemical agents are used to eliminate the infected dentin. This dissolution-based caries removal method uses a chemical agent assisted by atraumatic mechanical vigor for the excavation of soft carious dentine. This technique was developed by Dr. G. V. Black as “extension for prevention” which led to specific of sound tooth structure. In later years, the profession moved toward practicing preventive dentistry and following more conservative and tooth-preserving procedures. This paper discusses newer invasive techniques for caries excavation.

One cause of mortality in large countries of the world today is colon cancer. One main reason behind the development of colon cancer is constipation. Using electric shock, the colon can regain its motility. This electrical stimulation includes a series of electric arrays. Patients with constipation are categorized into two groups, apart from those who only show the disease symptoms. A patient whose rectum had lost its excitability after stroke was studied. The patient clearly benefited from electric stimulation treatment. Considering the fact that the biological feedback of this experiment is intense, the patient should cooperate. Electrical stimulation treatment is performed with a highly complex device. This treatment can be useful for many patients, especially those who suffer from impaired rectal contraction.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women worldwide, and studies are now demonstrating an increased incidence in recent years. Despite this, mortality rates for breast cancer remain low, with many women living many years beyond their cancer diagnosis. Therefore, there is a need for durable reconstructive options. Approximately 40% of women diagnosed with breast cancer will undergo a mastectomy as part of their initial treatment plan. Breast reconstruction has been consistently shown to improve post-mastectomy quality of life. Despite this, breast reconstruction rates, both in the immediate and delayed setting, remain low. With advancements in microsurgery over the past few decades, autologous tissue reconstruction has become an attractive option for breast cancer survivors offering them the benefits of a more natural aesthetic and permanency over implant-based surgery. This review provides a report on avant-garde microsurgical breast reconstruction techniques and insight into some of the benefits and drawbacks associated with each surgical approach.

Periodontitis is a multi-factorial disease with a broad spectrum of inflammatory and destructive responses leading to loss of periodontium and tooth-supporting bone. The aim of periodontal therapy is to regenerate the periodontium lost due to periodontal disease. Tissue regeneration in the oral cavity is regulated by signalling molecules, cells, and by matrix formation. Maintenance of the integrity of healthy periodontium and regeneration of the periodontium are achieved by a balance between bone formation and bone resorption termed as bone coupling. Traditional regeneration techniques using grafts and membranes were unpredictable and could not achieve complete regeneration. Periodontal tissue engineering focuses on regenerating the form and function of hard and soft tissues using signalling molecules, scaffolds, and cells. Bony defects may vary in size from small intrabony defects to large horizontal and vertical bone defects in periodontal diseases that prove critical for implant rehabilitation. For decades, efforts have been made to achieve predictable and reliable bone regeneration using various methods. This review focuses on the various materials and methods that are currently being used and which are in the research stage for 3D printing of patient-specific custom-made scaffolds for periodontal regeneration.

This study aimed to provide an overview of the research involving exercise training programs in cardiac rehabilitation programs in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).
Relevant articles were searched in PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using the keywords and medical subject headings Cardiac Rehabilitation AND Africa South of the Sahara AND (Exercise OR “Exercise therapy” OR “Exercise Movement Techniques”), without limitation concerning the publication date. To be included in the full analysis, the study had to be a controlled clinical trial designed and conducted in SSA, in which patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) carried out an exercise training program.
The searches resulted in 53 articles, of which 4 met all the inclusion criteria. The trials involved 374 participants with different cardiovascular diseases. The protocols used consisted of aerobic and combined (aerobic and resistance) training programs. Training sessions lasted up to 60 minutes and were held 3 times per week for 8-12 weeks at different training intensities throughout the studies.
The current study shows that aerobic and combined training are effective in promoting beneficial effects on various cardio-respiratory variables in CVD patients. However, the effects of training programs on patients with CVD remains insufficiently investigated in SSA. Moreover, there is a lack of studies aiming to design exercise training programs that take into account the socio-economic challenges of the SSA region in the management of the main CVD.

Road traffic accidents (RTA) are the third-leading cause of death in Iran after coronary heart disease and stroke.1 Based on reports by the Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, RTA cause more than twenty thousand mortalities as well as eighty thousand major traumas each year in Iran. In 2010 alone, 22,974 Iranians lost their lives because of RTA (63 deaths per day on average). Moreover, 806,922 people had major trauma, and perhaps 4-5 times this number had minor traumas... (Read more...)