International Journal of Medical Reviews
Volume:1 Issue: 3, Summer 2014

Vaginismus as a common sexual disorder among women affects on approximately 1– 7% of females in a worldwide. There is variety in etiology and diagnosis. In addition, classification of vaginismus and clarify the level would be useful in effective treatment. Vaginismus currently classified as Genito-Pelvic Pain / Penetration Disorder in latest edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, also known as vaginal penetration disorder. It is involuntary and uncontrolled and functions much the same as any reflex to avoid injury. It is the most common reason for unconsummated marriages. In this review, we present different etiologies and updated techniques for diagnosis and treatment. Newly use of Botox as a logical treatment for vaginismus had been proposed and in this literature, we express recent research and data.

Medications are the substantial part of health carewith high costeffectiveness that a large share of the household expenditure is allocated to them. In recent years, most developed countries have been faced with increasing Pharmaceutical costs (about 10%-20%). In recent years, Iran's Pharmaceutical costs also have constantly increased. The aim of this study was to evaluate Pharmaceutical coverage, determine Pharmaceutical problems and find ways to overcome the problems. This study was a comparative-descriptive, review and retrospective study that used library and internet sites as resources. The study has two major phases. In the first phase, we searched primary sources and the internet to find an appropriate model to gather information about Pharmaceutical systems in the selected countries. In the second phase, we collected the information and statistics relating to pharmaceuticuse in outpatients and inpatients from 1994 to 2011 which was formally received from 4 Iranian health insurance organizations. The results show that the costs of pharmaceutical agencies at four main health insurance organizations in Iran had increased more than 722% between 2001-2011, while in the leading countries specific mechanisms have been used to control Pharmaceutical costs in the healthcare. According to the findings of this review, different countries, especially developed countries have organized concepts such as new Pharmaceutical pricing, hospital Pharmaceuticals, over the counter (OTC) Drugs, control of Pharmaceutical use, patients share in the costs and etc which has controlled the pricing of the pharmaceutical products in their societies. Therefore, in all countries, these programs are oriented towards developing Pharmaceutical services, reducing the Pharmaceutical costs and the rational control of Pharmaceutical use in terms of the framework of the health care system. In reviewing the insurance systems and its current policy in Iran, the evidences relating to the methods and structures cited above can be seen, but in practice, many designed processes are not applying or are implemented incompletely. Growing Pharmaceutical costs in Iran indicate this issue.

Along with advances in technology and education, applying a new method is felt to provide effective instruction. To keep pace with the growing knowledge, the service training is an integral component of education especially in the field of medical education. Because the limitations of many disciplines to attend training classes, Conventional methods will not be able to meet these educational needs. So, virtual education can be an efficient supplement for training in this area. The present study is a systematic review of relevant studies of virtual education in-service training of nurses. With the systematic review method the Persian and Latin databases: Iran medex, Iran doc, SID, CINHAL, Cochran, PubMed, Science Direct, Eric were searched by keywords: nursing, e-learning, continuous education, and virtual education that 1330 articles were found. In line with to i the entry criteria, 13 articles were selected to answer the research questions. The results indicate that the use of virtual education requires an appropriate model, the specific requirements and facilities and planning implementation in process. Virtual education is an effective way to increase knowledge and practice and can be a good complement to conventional in-service education for nurses. Although it may not have significant advantages in learning and performance improvement compared to convention educational methods, but its effectiveness can be increased significantly with proper and comprehensive planning.

The nature of trauma triage and transportation services is along with limited opportunities, chaos and irregularities. In such conditions, a model is required to prevent a problem through anticipating the future and appropriate decision making. This study tried to suggest an applicable model through surveying weak and strong points of the available models in trauma triage and transportation. In this study by using a mini review method in purposive form and by focusing on the research question that is; “what are the available models for transport and first aid?”, necessary information was searched, retrieved, evaluated and integrated in the related information databases based on the key words and inclusion criteria. Five articles had the inclusion criteria. These articles were narrative ordered, summarized and categorized according to the research question and finally findings were reported based on the achieved themes. The theme of “responsible model in trauma transport and first aid” was achieved through data analysis and integration; this theme includes: three main categories; “recognition and decision making in trauma transport and first aid”, “trauma transport and first aid in remote areas” and “crisis management of trauma transport and first aid”. We propose that trauma transport and triage models are actual images of first aid measures which lead to performance increase and successful results in first aid system in different conditions. Responsive model in trauma first aid and triage is an applicable model that improves first aid speed, transportation and prehospital care in terms of motivation, skill and promotion of management ability through human sources empowerment.

Several studies have demonstrated that erectile dysfunction (ED) is associated with cardiovascular diseases; nonetheless, few physicians pay enough attention to take a precise history of potential sexual dysfunction in these patients. The magnitude of this correlation is to the extent that several authors have proposed ED as a cardiovascular risk equivalent. In this review article, we searched for the most significant studies performing in this issue, with special emphasize on prospective studies to provide a comprehensive and precise view on the matter in the cardiovascular disease context.

To explore patient education problems in clinical and educational settings. A review and an explanatory sequential mixed methods design were used. In the quantitative phase, an extensive review of the literature was performed for improving the validation of the questionnaire and after that, 2300 nursing students by convenience sampling were recruited. Data were collected by a self-report bridges and barriers of patient education questionnaire. In the qualitative phase, 25 nursing students were recruited using purposeful sampling. Data were gathered using semistructured interviews and two focus groups. In the quantitative phase, two items were recognized as first priorities (Need assessment of each patient in each ward and protocol creation based on; and Good communication between the nurse and patient). In the qualitative phase, onemain theme (Club of patient education problems) with two sub-themes (Educational and experimental problems; and communicational and managerial problems) emerged. It is essential for the managers in all levels of nursing to try to equalize and integrate the educational and clinical opportunities in two more important and inseparable environments of college and hospital. Practice Implications: It is possible that for the better education and implementation of the patient education courses for nursing students, particularly Iranian nursing students, the authorities of colleges and hospitals be able to use from the results of this research.