International Journal of Medical Reviews
Volume:5 Issue: 2, spring 2018

Learning theories are not just an academic concept, but are essential in developing sound principles and a framework of result-oriented learning. This gives the foundation of proficient teaching methods in the communication of significant learning information to meet the needs of both the trainee and the trainer as well as the curriculum. In emergency medicine training, ultrasonography requires a combination of motor, visual and cognitive skills. Simulation-based ultrasound training is essential for technicians to progress from learners to expert. Cognitivism, a learning theory, is relevant to the development of ultrasound skills through the application of its key principles in emergency medicine training.

Natural disasters and man-made incidents take the lives of many individuals and leave them unable to be identified. In such cases, the only possible way to detect an unidentified body or its parts is through genetic markers. This technology is based on the theory that inter-individual differences result from differences in the genetic information held in their DNA. A genetic database covering a target population can be used whenever necessary to identify otherwise unidentifiable individuals. A total of 99% of the DNA of every human is the same; in fact, only a relatively small amount is different. Genetic tests can be carried out to distinguish individuals from each other. One percent of the variable genomic regions that frequently and sporadically emerge are genetic markers. Several types of sequences, including variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs), short tandem repeats (STRs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), Y chromosomes, and mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) at the DNA level, can be used to identify individuals. Each of these sequences has its own capabilities and limitations and can be used by anyone depending on the type of database application. With a genetic database of individuals working in high-risk occupations such as the armed forces and the software-based management of this information, it will be possible to identify genetically the bodies of unidentifiable victims of accidents and incidents. This study introduces and evaluates the sequences that can be used in genetic databases.

Allergies are pathological manifestations originating from a trigger-sensitized immune system. Aspergillus species have been reported to be one of the important inhalant allergens in different geographical regions of the world. House dust mite (HDM) allergens play a major role in causing allergic diseases. The emerging literature indicates the allergenicity and contribution of Aspergillus species and HDMs. Allergies erupt when innocuous foreign components are confused as foes by the immune surveillance. The incidence of fungal sensitization in patients with allergic respiratory diseases has been reported from 2.3% to even 80% in various studies worldwide. Human skin scales provide food for both mites and fungi. Fungi may either constitute a food supplement for mites or may have an indirect effect by decomposing human dander, thus making it more accessible for HDMs. There is a mutual relationship between fungi and HDMs. In addition to avoid exposure to an allergen as a secondary or tertiary preventive strategy, which is often not sufficiently effective against domestic mites, the treatment of mite allergy is mainly based on allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). Treatment with azole antifungal drugs in patients with severe asthma is effective and improves patient quality of life.

Every profession has its own unavoidable occupational risks. Dentists, being in a highly professional occupation today, encounter many hazards related to their habitations. Some of the risks they face are within the scope of knowledge of dental surgeons, while others are somehow skipped. It is mandatory to have a thorough knowledge of professional hazards one may encounter while working, and proper measures must be taken to prevent them. A dental surgeon works around many perils in the business environment while being a prosthodontist, periodontist, endodontist, orthodontist, etc. There are many risk factors specific to any particular specialty. Hazards most commonly encountered are musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), latex hypersensitivity, and professional burnout. Dental surgeons are also exposed to many bloodborne pathogens, sharp instrument injuries, ocular and hearing problems, neuromuscular disorders, cross-contamination, dental material allergies, mercury poisoning, radiation hazards, chemical injuries, etc. Some problems may cause the death of dentistry personnel if proper care is not taken. Thus, it is crucial to conduct awareness programs on early diagnosis, health education, and prevention modalities.

The widespread use of nano-aptasensors is seen in various clinical areas, drug discovery, the development of human health, and biological research. Variety in design practices, detection strategies, and areas of application remind us of the need for review, comparison, and classification of this type of sensors. The aptasensors and the attractiveness of using nanotechnology, like a wonderland, have attracted researchers’ attention. Furthermore, the application of these tools (rapid detection, quality control, and drug level assessment in the clinical and paraclinical settings) are of special importance. In this study, aptasensors have been reviewed and classified in terms of type, sensor approach, and transducer type, and in some cases, the advantages, disadvantages, and detectability of sensors have been described. To select, compare, and classify nano-aptasensors in the present research, the author sought to use nanotechnology, aptamer bioreceptor, and application field of these types of sensors, while considering the sensor’s ability. Nanotechnology have the high potential to reduce costs, save time, and increase the accuracy of detecting agents. Diversification in strategy, precedence of studies, and type of nano-processes itself are not considered as advantages; rather the simplicity, accuracy, user-friendliness, accessibility, and competitive cost of the sensor lead to the superiority of the nano-aptasensor.

Occupational injuries are the most important hazards threatening health care workers (HCWs) and cause contact with infectious agents and the transmission of diseases such as AIDS and hepatitis B and C. This study is a meta-analysis of studies on the common causes of occupational injuries in Iran. In this meta-analysis, all articles on injuries to HCWs in Iran published on local and international databases during the period 2000-2016 were assessed for eligibility. Using the keywords occupational injury, needle stick injury, healthcare workers, and Iran, searches of local and international databases were conducted. From 60 articles screened, 19 were determined to be relevant and were subsequently analyzed. The results of this meta-analysis showed that needles and injections were the most common causes of occupational injuries in HCWs. The pooled prevalence of needle stick was estimated to be 52.95% (46.05%-59.84%) based on the reports of 19 studies with a total of 8703 participants. The pooled prevalence rate of injections was estimated to be 33.56% (27.43%-37.90%). The results showed that routine activities of HCWs most commonly result in occupational injuries. Given the high prevalence of needles and injections as causes of occupational injuries in Iranian HCWs, more attention and the development of effective strategies to reduce these injuries are necessary.

  The inappropriate development of nursing concepts is one of the most important obstacles to the progress of nursing knowledge. Family-centered care is one concept that is not well-defined, even though it is widely used in many areas of nursing and caregiving. This study aimed to analyze the concept of family-centered care using Rodgers’ evolutionary model. The 8 steps of Rodgers’ evolutionary model were followed. After concept selection, the Pubmed, Medline, Scopus, Science Direct, OVID, and SID databases were seached for the terms “family-centered care”, “parental involvement”, “family participation”, and “care by families”. The results of this study, including the dimensions, antecedents, barriers, and consequences, are reported based on Rodgers’ model. Family-centered care is described as a holistic point of view, a philosophy that helps families in their caring role, the basic principles of child care, care given by parents, parents and professionals working together, and the chance for parents to protect their children under the supervision of professionals. In this study the antecedents of family-centered care were categorized as being political-conceptual, economical, and motivational. Some results of family-centered care are improved patient and family satisfaction, increased efficacy and improved quality of life, improved flow of information, and better interaction between the family and the professional team. Data from the present study showed that even though family-centered care is an appropriate framework for the provision of health services, more study is needed for better implementation